Sport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Role of sports in the development of diplomatic interactions between Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)Role of sports in the development of diplomatic interactions between Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)926186984FARahimZareAssistant Professor, Department of Tourism Management, School of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-9046-026XMahdiShariatiAssistant Professor, Human sciences department, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-1260-5253MaziarNazemiMinistry of SportJournal Article20231107Sports in the world are influenced by various and numerous components and concepts, where political economy plays the biggest role in the formation and exchange of sports in the world. Political agreements from the the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement is an opportunity for Iranian sports to use this platform for its development. the current research sought to examine the place of sports in Iran's diplomatic development with the member of the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement. The current research is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of the method of gathering, which was done by studying various texts, including articles, books and websites related to sports and the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement. The findings of the present research showed that 23 concepts summarized into four economic (4.41), sports (4.24), political (4.11) and cultural (4.09) components had great effect on the sports diplomacy of Iran and SCO members. In addition, two countries, Russia and China, are the best opportunity to develop diplomatic sports interactions with the Islamic Republic of Iran; The sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been affected by political events in recent years, which with the SCO have a positive effect on strengthening the national championship sports of Iran.Sports in the world are influenced by various and numerous components and concepts, where political economy plays the biggest role in the formation and exchange of sports in the world. Political agreements from the the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement is an opportunity for Iranian sports to use this platform for its development. the current research sought to examine the place of sports in Iran's diplomatic development with the member of the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement. The current research is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of the method of gathering, which was done by studying various texts, including articles, books and websites related to sports and the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Agreement. The findings of the present research showed that 23 concepts summarized into four economic (4.41), sports (4.24), political (4.11) and cultural (4.09) components had great effect on the sports diplomacy of Iran and SCO members. In addition, two countries, Russia and China, are the best opportunity to develop diplomatic sports interactions with the Islamic Republic of Iran; The sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been affected by political events in recent years, which with the SCO have a positive effect on strengthening the national championship sports of Iran.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_186984_89f4ed112503cfa0cda993202e2ac67d.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219The effect of the type of Exercise training on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 genes in female C57BL6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisThe effect of the type of Exercise training on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 genes in female C57BL6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis274121744810.22034/spmi.2025.383761.2405FANoushinKhorandPh.D in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.MohammadrezaKordiProfessor of Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-7999-4292FatemehShabkhizProfessor of Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-1183-9517Journal Article20230129Background and purpose: Exercise plays an important role in the management of multiple sclerosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of resistance and endurance training on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 genes in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Method: 24 female C57BL6 mice were divided into four groups: control (Con), sedentary EAE (SED-EAE), EAE with resistance training (RT-EAE) and EAE with endurance training (ET-EAE). After EAE induction, resistance and endurance training was performed for 4 weeks (5 days). Tissue extraction was performed 48 hours after the last training session. 48 hours after the last training session, the tissues were removed. Hippocampal gene expression of MMP-9, MMP-2 and Timp-1 was measured by real-time-PCR. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and Tukey's post hoc test (P<0.05). Results: The main effect of group on MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 was significant (P<0.05). MMP-2 in CON was lower than SED-EAE and RT-EAE (P<0.05). MMP-9 was higher in SED-EAE and RT-EAE than CON (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in MMP-2 and MMP-9 between CON and ET-EAE (P>0.05). SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE had no significant difference in MMP-9 expression (P>0.05). Timp-1 was higher in CON than SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in Timp-1 expression between SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that exercise training, especially endurance training, can play an effective role in reducing markers related to EAE such as MMP-9 and MMP-2.Background and purpose: Exercise plays an important role in the management of multiple sclerosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of resistance and endurance training on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 genes in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Method: 24 female C57BL6 mice were divided into four groups: control (Con), sedentary EAE (SED-EAE), EAE with resistance training (RT-EAE) and EAE with endurance training (ET-EAE). After EAE induction, resistance and endurance training was performed for 4 weeks (5 days). Tissue extraction was performed 48 hours after the last training session. 48 hours after the last training session, the tissues were removed. Hippocampal gene expression of MMP-9, MMP-2 and Timp-1 was measured by real-time-PCR. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and Tukey's post hoc test (P<0.05). Results: The main effect of group on MMP-2, MMP-9 and Timp-1 was significant (P<0.05). MMP-2 in CON was lower than SED-EAE and RT-EAE (P<0.05). MMP-9 was higher in SED-EAE and RT-EAE than CON (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in MMP-2 and MMP-9 between CON and ET-EAE (P>0.05). SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE had no significant difference in MMP-9 expression (P>0.05). Timp-1 was higher in CON than SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in Timp-1 expression between SED-EAE, RT-EAE and ET-EAE (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that exercise training, especially endurance training, can play an effective role in reducing markers related to EAE such as MMP-9 and MMP-2.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_217448_af1fdee7124df43646d574bb1b1c1894.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Developing Pattern of Sports tourism development model through adventure sports branding in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinceDeveloping Pattern of Sports tourism development model through adventure sports branding in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province436319358110.22034/spmi.2024.414423.2516FAKarimZohrevandianAssociate Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran.(Research Institute for Applied Studies in Sports Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran)0000-0002-5914-8734TahmasebShirvaniAssistant Professor, Faculty of Tourism, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMarziyeTavakoli GhaletekiMaster of Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Arak University, Arak, IranJournal Article20230902The purpose of the current research is to present the development model of adventure sports tourism through the branding of adventure sports in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.<br /><br />Methodology: This research is an exploratory research that was conducted qualitatively. The research environment was academic-academic elites (university faculty members in the subject) and executive elites (managers and officials of tourism and sports and activists in the field of sports tourism). The participants in the research were also selected by purposeful sampling up to the limit of saturation (16 people). Data were collected from theoretical and background studies as well as In-depth and semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, three-stage coding was used in the theory of contextualization with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. Validity and reliability according to qualitative research audit (validity, transferability, confirmability, and reliability) were done.The code resulting from the interviews and the background of the research was 744 open codes, after combining and merging codes as well as removing commonalities; The number of 121 open codes, and then 27 central codes and finally in the model 6 groups 1) causal conditions (society's need for sports, recreation and tourism, geographical location of the province, etc.), 2) background conditions (laws and regulations, research and research, etc.), 3) intervention conditions (politics, social participation, infrastructure management, branding mindset, etc.), 4) strategies (marketing, holding key events, building trust, service quality, etc.), 5) consequences (economic, social and cultural benefits) were included in the central phenomenon model (tourism development through adventure sports branding, Turning the province into a potential target for tourism,creating tourism culture and cultivation, creating a unique identity of the province's brand). The current model can give a clear view to the decision makers of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province regarding the development of tourism by using the adventure sports tourism capacities of the province to make the province a potential brand and destination in this field for the people of Iran and the world.The purpose of the current research is to present the development model of adventure sports tourism through the branding of adventure sports in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.<br /><br />Methodology: This research is an exploratory research that was conducted qualitatively. The research environment was academic-academic elites (university faculty members in the subject) and executive elites (managers and officials of tourism and sports and activists in the field of sports tourism). The participants in the research were also selected by purposeful sampling up to the limit of saturation (16 people). Data were collected from theoretical and background studies as well as In-depth and semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, three-stage coding was used in the theory of contextualization with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. Validity and reliability according to qualitative research audit (validity, transferability, confirmability, and reliability) were done.The code resulting from the interviews and the background of the research was 744 open codes, after combining and merging codes as well as removing commonalities; The number of 121 open codes, and then 27 central codes and finally in the model 6 groups 1) causal conditions (society's need for sports, recreation and tourism, geographical location of the province, etc.), 2) background conditions (laws and regulations, research and research, etc.), 3) intervention conditions (politics, social participation, infrastructure management, branding mindset, etc.), 4) strategies (marketing, holding key events, building trust, service quality, etc.), 5) consequences (economic, social and cultural benefits) were included in the central phenomenon model (tourism development through adventure sports branding, Turning the province into a potential target for tourism,creating tourism culture and cultivation, creating a unique identity of the province's brand). The current model can give a clear view to the decision makers of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province regarding the development of tourism by using the adventure sports tourism capacities of the province to make the province a potential brand and destination in this field for the people of Iran and the world.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_193581_1caaa94fd93db80911c12483970dc8b9.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219The Effect of Aquatic High-Intensity Interval Training on Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus of Parkinsonian RatsThe Effect of Aquatic High-Intensity Interval Training on Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus of Parkinsonian Rats657520256110.22034/spmi.2024.461178.2612FAHasanEstakhrExercise physiology Department, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.SarahHojjatiDepartment of exercise physiology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranMehrzadMoghadasiDepartment of exercise physiology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranMohammad AminEdalatmaneshAssociate professor in physiology, Department of biology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240605Background and Aim<br /><br />Oxidative stress is responsible for the progression of Parkinson Disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of Aqua High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and the SOD/CAT ratio.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br /><br />Twenty-three male Wistar rats (9±1 weeks, 200±2.1 grams) were enrolled in this experimental study. Fifteen rats were randomly grouped into Parkinson (n=8) or Parkinson-Training (n=7) after the induction and confirmation of PD (via reserpine, 1 mg/kg, for 4 consecutive days, IP). Eight rats were designated as the Control group. The Catalepsy test and histopathological assays were used for PD confirmation. The Parkinson-training group underwent 6 weeks of HIIT (20 workouts of 30 seconds with overload and 30 seconds of rest between workouts). The hippocampus was then removed for biochemical analysis.<br /><br />Results <br /><br />The tissue level of MDA increased in the Parkinson group compared to the Control (p=0.002) and decreased in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p=0.034). Tissue levels of SOD and CAT decreased in the Parkinson group compared to the Control (p≤0.001) and increased in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p≤0.001). There was a significant reduction in the SOD/CAT ratio in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p≤0.001).<br /><br />Conclusion <br /><br />HIIT may improve PD by increasing antioxidant biomarkers and decreasing oxidative stress.Background and Aim<br /><br />Oxidative stress is responsible for the progression of Parkinson Disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of Aqua High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and the SOD/CAT ratio.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br /><br />Twenty-three male Wistar rats (9±1 weeks, 200±2.1 grams) were enrolled in this experimental study. Fifteen rats were randomly grouped into Parkinson (n=8) or Parkinson-Training (n=7) after the induction and confirmation of PD (via reserpine, 1 mg/kg, for 4 consecutive days, IP). Eight rats were designated as the Control group. The Catalepsy test and histopathological assays were used for PD confirmation. The Parkinson-training group underwent 6 weeks of HIIT (20 workouts of 30 seconds with overload and 30 seconds of rest between workouts). The hippocampus was then removed for biochemical analysis.<br /><br />Results <br /><br />The tissue level of MDA increased in the Parkinson group compared to the Control (p=0.002) and decreased in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p=0.034). Tissue levels of SOD and CAT decreased in the Parkinson group compared to the Control (p≤0.001) and increased in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p≤0.001). There was a significant reduction in the SOD/CAT ratio in the Parkinson-training group compared to the Parkinson group (p≤0.001).<br /><br />Conclusion <br /><br />HIIT may improve PD by increasing antioxidant biomarkers and decreasing oxidative stress.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_202561_8c7649ffd60413015ce5b0be4b8d8ec0.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Identifying factors affecting the active travel of students to schoolIdentifying factors affecting the active travel of students to school779621744910.22034/spmi.2024.428158.2550FAEsmatTaherkhaniPhD student in Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAminDehghan GhahfarokhiAssistant Professor of Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-8696-0894EhsanMohammadi TorkamaniAssistant Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranFaribaAskarianAssociate Professor University of Tehran - - Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz and Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3101-0557Journal Article20231225Active school travel is a suitable way to increase the physical activity of students and is an environmentally friendly travel method. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the active travel of students to school. The qualitative research method and Grounded theory using Glaser's approach were used. The statistical population of the research included physical education teachers, physical education assistants of the Department of Education and Training, physical education experts of the Department of Education and Training, faculty members of physical education at Farhangian University, school principals, Officials and decision makers of urban planning, students and parents. Semi-structured and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 people who were aware about the research topic, and they were selected purposefully. Interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation. Transferability and verifiability and credibility were used to check the validity, and also the intra-subject agreement method of two coders was used to check the reliability. The results of open coding indicated that 122 factors can be effective in identifying factors affecting active school travel. In the selective coding stage, factors were classified into 23 subcategories. Finally, eight main categories resulting from theoretical coding were identified. The categories include neighborhood safety, social support, cultural support, physical environment that supports active school travel, appropriate education, student participation, positive attitude and use of information communication technology. Officials can use the identified factors, concepts and categories in their future planning to operationalize active school travel.Active school travel is a suitable way to increase the physical activity of students and is an environmentally friendly travel method. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the active travel of students to school. The qualitative research method and Grounded theory using Glaser's approach were used. The statistical population of the research included physical education teachers, physical education assistants of the Department of Education and Training, physical education experts of the Department of Education and Training, faculty members of physical education at Farhangian University, school principals, Officials and decision makers of urban planning, students and parents. Semi-structured and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 people who were aware about the research topic, and they were selected purposefully. Interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation. Transferability and verifiability and credibility were used to check the validity, and also the intra-subject agreement method of two coders was used to check the reliability. The results of open coding indicated that 122 factors can be effective in identifying factors affecting active school travel. In the selective coding stage, factors were classified into 23 subcategories. Finally, eight main categories resulting from theoretical coding were identified. The categories include neighborhood safety, social support, cultural support, physical environment that supports active school travel, appropriate education, student participation, positive attitude and use of information communication technology. Officials can use the identified factors, concepts and categories in their future planning to operationalize active school travel.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_217449_261dcb8a11f3f8111c6d6a2ea1e6a107.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219PGC1α response to exercise in cold environment in of skeletal muscle and hippocampus male Wistar ratsPGC1α response to exercise in cold environment in of skeletal muscle and hippocampus male Wistar rats9710821099810.22034/spmi.2024.482834.2665FAFatemehMirakhoriDepartment of physical education, faculty of social sciences, international university of Emem KhomeiniElhamShahabpour2. Assistant professor of exercise physiology, Department of sport sciences, faculty of humanities sciences, university of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.ZahraMirakhoriAssistant professor of physical education, Amir Kabir University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241010abstract<br /><br />Skeletal muscle and hippocampus are two active tissues in facing environmental stimuli. The present study was to investigate the difference response of PGC1α in skeletal muscle and hippocampus tissues to exercise and cold stimuli. Therefore, 27male Wistar rats (8weeks age, weight250 ± 30gr) after being familiarized with laboratory environment, they were randomly divided into tree control, swimming in water with balanced and cold temperature groups. Then, two training groups swam three days a week for six weeks according to the research protocol, and 48 hours after the cognitive and physical performance test, the rats were sacrificed. The real-time method was used to investigate the changes in PGC1α gene expression, and the one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the statistical findings. The results of performance tests showed that both experimental groups had a significant increase in performance in cognitive and physical tests compared to the control group (P>0/001). Also, the levels of PGC1α in hippocampus and skeletal muscle were significantly increased in both swimming training groups compared to the control group (p=0/24 and p=0/027, respectively) and the expression of PGC1α in cold water swimming group was significantly higher than the swimming group in water with normal temperature (p=0/04). Changes in expression of PGC1α also had a moderate correlation in both tissues (P=0/032). finally, it seems that in response to the swimming training in cold water, the hypothalamus has increased the expression of PGC1α in skeletal muscle and hippocampus through adrenergic stimuli.abstract<br /><br />Skeletal muscle and hippocampus are two active tissues in facing environmental stimuli. The present study was to investigate the difference response of PGC1α in skeletal muscle and hippocampus tissues to exercise and cold stimuli. Therefore, 27male Wistar rats (8weeks age, weight250 ± 30gr) after being familiarized with laboratory environment, they were randomly divided into tree control, swimming in water with balanced and cold temperature groups. Then, two training groups swam three days a week for six weeks according to the research protocol, and 48 hours after the cognitive and physical performance test, the rats were sacrificed. The real-time method was used to investigate the changes in PGC1α gene expression, and the one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the statistical findings. The results of performance tests showed that both experimental groups had a significant increase in performance in cognitive and physical tests compared to the control group (P>0/001). Also, the levels of PGC1α in hippocampus and skeletal muscle were significantly increased in both swimming training groups compared to the control group (p=0/24 and p=0/027, respectively) and the expression of PGC1α in cold water swimming group was significantly higher than the swimming group in water with normal temperature (p=0/04). Changes in expression of PGC1α also had a moderate correlation in both tissues (P=0/032). finally, it seems that in response to the swimming training in cold water, the hypothalamus has increased the expression of PGC1α in skeletal muscle and hippocampus through adrenergic stimuli.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_210998_e655584f21ba46758e4708183f243dc0.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219The position of sport and health of the elderly and persons with disabilities in national and international laws and regulationsThe position of sport and health of the elderly and persons with disabilities in national and international laws and regulations10912519496310.22034/spmi.2024.429490.2551FAFatemehNaderianPhD Student of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, َAhvaz, Iran0000-0003-2796-9025SedigheHeydarinejadProfessor of Sport Management, - Sport Science Faculty - Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-8631-2851AminKhatibiAssociate Professor of Department of sport management, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0003-4921-5638Journal Article20231224Aging and disability are two important issues of the world society in 21St century and the right to exercise and health is one of the most important rights of the elderly and disabled. The purpose of the current research was examining the national and international laws and regulations in the field of Sport and health of the elderly and the disabled at first, and then was comparing physical activity status in Iran and developed countries. This study was qualitative and content analysis type. The statistical population was national and international laws and regulations related to the rights of the elderly and disabled, and laws and regulations related to the right to sport and health. The method of data collection was documentary and library, which was done through the comparative review of scientific journals, databases, referring to the website of national and international organizations and internet search. George Brady's model was used in this research. The findings showed that the rights of the elderly and the disabled, which the right to sport and health are also a part, in many national and international laws and regulations have been addressed, but this issue has not been given much attention in the implementation of the laws. The comparison of the physical activity of the elderly in developed countries and Iran also showed that Iran lacks national goals for the physical activity of the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary for legislative policymakers to pay special attention to the rights of the elderly and the disabled and pass laws in such a way that they have a guarantee of implementation and dealing with violators if they do not perform their duties according to the laws and by formulating national goals of physical activity for the elderly and disabled in the direction of the global action plan of World Health Organization for physical activity until 2030, they should step in line with the developed countries in this direction.Aging and disability are two important issues of the world society in 21St century and the right to exercise and health is one of the most important rights of the elderly and disabled. The purpose of the current research was examining the national and international laws and regulations in the field of Sport and health of the elderly and the disabled at first, and then was comparing physical activity status in Iran and developed countries. This study was qualitative and content analysis type. The statistical population was national and international laws and regulations related to the rights of the elderly and disabled, and laws and regulations related to the right to sport and health. The method of data collection was documentary and library, which was done through the comparative review of scientific journals, databases, referring to the website of national and international organizations and internet search. George Brady's model was used in this research. The findings showed that the rights of the elderly and the disabled, which the right to sport and health are also a part, in many national and international laws and regulations have been addressed, but this issue has not been given much attention in the implementation of the laws. The comparison of the physical activity of the elderly in developed countries and Iran also showed that Iran lacks national goals for the physical activity of the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary for legislative policymakers to pay special attention to the rights of the elderly and the disabled and pass laws in such a way that they have a guarantee of implementation and dealing with violators if they do not perform their duties according to the laws and by formulating national goals of physical activity for the elderly and disabled in the direction of the global action plan of World Health Organization for physical activity until 2030, they should step in line with the developed countries in this direction.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_194963_64728a7c3c506a073126128de367ed07.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219The effect of three types of resistance training systems on the levels of cardiac damage markers Troponin I and CPK_MB in volleyball boysThe effect of three types of resistance training systems on the levels of cardiac damage markers Troponin I and CPK_MB in volleyball boys12713421607810.22034/spmi.2025.486944.2677FASaeedKashefiDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahrood University of TechnologyElhamVosadiAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and sport sciences, Shahrood University of Technology0000-0003-3040-4826َAliYounesianAssociate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and sport sciences, Shahrood University of TechnologyJournal Article20241103Objectives: Troponin type A and creatine phosphokinase MB are common markers of heart damage. It seems that different types of resistance training can have different effects on these markers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of three resistance training systems (drop set, descending pyramid, and traditional) on the levels of the mentioned heart damage indicators.<br /><br />Methods: The current research was semi-experimental of applied type with a one-group design. The study population of the present study was 14-16-year-old boy volleyball players from the city of Sabzevar, who had at least 2 years of experience in volleyball practice. Among them, 15 people were selected and tested as available samples. The subjects, on the day of the test, after testing weight, and height and also measuring a maximum repetition, the first stage of blood sampling was done. After 3 weeks of resistance training, the second stage of blood sampling was performed. Blood samples were immediately frozen and transferred to the laboratory where they were analyzed. The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements with an error of 0.05 with SPSS-26 software.<br /><br />results: By implementing the training protocol, it was concluded that the resistance training systems used in this plan have an effect on the levels of heart damage markers including cTn I and CPK-MB in the subjects based on the required intensity.<br /><br />Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the drop set resistance training system due to the higher intensity caused a significant increase in the heart damage markers cTn I and CPK-MB.Objectives: Troponin type A and creatine phosphokinase MB are common markers of heart damage. It seems that different types of resistance training can have different effects on these markers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of three resistance training systems (drop set, descending pyramid, and traditional) on the levels of the mentioned heart damage indicators.<br /><br />Methods: The current research was semi-experimental of applied type with a one-group design. The study population of the present study was 14-16-year-old boy volleyball players from the city of Sabzevar, who had at least 2 years of experience in volleyball practice. Among them, 15 people were selected and tested as available samples. The subjects, on the day of the test, after testing weight, and height and also measuring a maximum repetition, the first stage of blood sampling was done. After 3 weeks of resistance training, the second stage of blood sampling was performed. Blood samples were immediately frozen and transferred to the laboratory where they were analyzed. The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements with an error of 0.05 with SPSS-26 software.<br /><br />results: By implementing the training protocol, it was concluded that the resistance training systems used in this plan have an effect on the levels of heart damage markers including cTn I and CPK-MB in the subjects based on the required intensity.<br /><br />Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the drop set resistance training system due to the higher intensity caused a significant increase in the heart damage markers cTn I and CPK-MB.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216078_c384dad3dbd4543603bb9a99d4ebfeb6.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Identifying sports marketing Barriers in AJA Physical Education Organization and providing solutionsIdentifying sports marketing Barriers in AJA Physical Education Organization and providing solutions13515220124110.22034/spmi.2024.466911.2624FAMahdiGhafouri YazdiAssistant Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7928-2394JamshidFouladiPhD in Defense Strategic Sciences Management, Higher National Defense University, Tehran, IranMortezaShahriPhD student in sports management, University of Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran.Journal Article20240708The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to sports marketing in the AJA Physical Education Organization and to provide solutions to overcome these barriers and develop revenue. To this end, a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach was used. Subsequently, in-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with ten experienced, knowledgeable, and specialized managers of the armed forces. For data analysis, open and axial coding, as well as hierarchical analysis methods, were employed. The results of the data analysis indicated that the most significant barriers to sports marketing in the AJA Physical Education Organization include legal and regulatory barriers, environmental barriers, security barriers, and managerial and organizational barriers. Finally, appropriate strategies derived from the research were presented to overcome the barriers and enhance revenue in the AJA Physical Education Organization. Consequently, it is necessary to simultaneously address the identified barriers and strive to implement the proposed solutions to develop the organization's revenues.The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to sports marketing in the AJA Physical Education Organization and to provide solutions to overcome these barriers and develop revenue. To this end, a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach was used. Subsequently, in-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with ten experienced, knowledgeable, and specialized managers of the armed forces. For data analysis, open and axial coding, as well as hierarchical analysis methods, were employed. The results of the data analysis indicated that the most significant barriers to sports marketing in the AJA Physical Education Organization include legal and regulatory barriers, environmental barriers, security barriers, and managerial and organizational barriers. Finally, appropriate strategies derived from the research were presented to overcome the barriers and enhance revenue in the AJA Physical Education Organization. Consequently, it is necessary to simultaneously address the identified barriers and strive to implement the proposed solutions to develop the organization's revenues.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_201241_5eddc57343173963821c997136f110a0.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Comparison of the effects of plyometric training and vitamin D on the performance of female gymnasts.Comparison of the effects of plyometric training and vitamin D on the performance of female gymnasts.15316221723110.22034/spmi.2025.504736.2714FARoyaAskariDepartment of exercise physiology, Sport Physiology Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.Iran0000-0003-4331-2293ZahraZeid AbadiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IraAmir HosseinHaghighiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.Seyyed MiladAsadi FeriziDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.0000-0002-2492-7105Journal Article20250205Objective and Background: Gymnastics is a widely favored sport among children. Existing literature suggests that plyometric exercises, in conjunction with vitamin D supplementation, may influence performance metrics within this demographic. The primary objective of this study was to assess and compare the effects of plyometric training combined with vitamin D supplementation on select physical fitness and performance indicators in female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years<br /><br />Materials and Methods: A total of 30 female gymnasts, aged 12 to 15 years, were purposefully recruited for participation in this study and subsequently randomized into two distinct groups: one receiving plyometric training with vitamin D supplementation and the other receiving plyometric training without supplementation (15 participants in each group). The group receiving vitamin D supplementation consumed a 5000 IU capsule weekly, while the control group received a placebo. The training regimen spanned six weeks, incorporating three 90-minute sessions each week. Pre-tests and post-tests evaluated agility, flexibility, total body power, upper body muscular power, lower body muscular power, specific anaerobic power, explosive power, as well as a triple performance test and a specific performance test (GOT) tailored for gymnasts. Data were subjected to analysis using repeated measures ANOVA, with significance set at P<0.05.<br /><br />Findings: The administration of vitamin D yielded a statistically significant enhancement in flexibility and lower body muscular power compared to the plyometric training group without vitamin D supplementation. No significant differences were identified between the two groups regarding improvements in additional physical fitness indicators (agility, total body power, upper body muscular power, specific anaerobic power, explosive power) or performance metrics (triple performance test, GOT performance test).<br /><br />Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that plyometric exercises alone can enhance performance in adolescent gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years. Furthermore, the incorporation of vitamin D supplementation alongside plyometric exercises may facilitate optimal improvements in flexibility and lower body muscular power among these athletes.Objective and Background: Gymnastics is a widely favored sport among children. Existing literature suggests that plyometric exercises, in conjunction with vitamin D supplementation, may influence performance metrics within this demographic. The primary objective of this study was to assess and compare the effects of plyometric training combined with vitamin D supplementation on select physical fitness and performance indicators in female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years<br /><br />Materials and Methods: A total of 30 female gymnasts, aged 12 to 15 years, were purposefully recruited for participation in this study and subsequently randomized into two distinct groups: one receiving plyometric training with vitamin D supplementation and the other receiving plyometric training without supplementation (15 participants in each group). The group receiving vitamin D supplementation consumed a 5000 IU capsule weekly, while the control group received a placebo. The training regimen spanned six weeks, incorporating three 90-minute sessions each week. Pre-tests and post-tests evaluated agility, flexibility, total body power, upper body muscular power, lower body muscular power, specific anaerobic power, explosive power, as well as a triple performance test and a specific performance test (GOT) tailored for gymnasts. Data were subjected to analysis using repeated measures ANOVA, with significance set at P<0.05.<br /><br />Findings: The administration of vitamin D yielded a statistically significant enhancement in flexibility and lower body muscular power compared to the plyometric training group without vitamin D supplementation. No significant differences were identified between the two groups regarding improvements in additional physical fitness indicators (agility, total body power, upper body muscular power, specific anaerobic power, explosive power) or performance metrics (triple performance test, GOT performance test).<br /><br />Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that plyometric exercises alone can enhance performance in adolescent gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years. Furthermore, the incorporation of vitamin D supplementation alongside plyometric exercises may facilitate optimal improvements in flexibility and lower body muscular power among these athletes.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_217231_a7e78a28d47b3271139a152bbe281900.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Investigating the obstacles in the country's elderly tendency to exercise and physical activity, providing models and implementation solutionsInvestigating the obstacles in the country's elderly tendency to exercise and physical activity, providing models and implementation solutions16319020246510.22034/spmi.2024.465646.2621FAFarnazTorabiAssociate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Tehran Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranMohammadMohammadiFaculty member, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, IranJournal Article20240720Aging is a natural process and a sensitive period in human life, cross-sectional research method and in terms of using the obtained results, applied, the statistical population of elderly men and women over 60 years old in 20 provinces was the target., random-cluster statistical sample, The questionnaire tool was developed by the researcher, and Smirnov's Klomograph test was used to determine the normality of distribution, and Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the relationship, and analyzes were performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software and Imus Graphics. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated through content validity by summarizing the opinions of 45 researchers in the field of sports for the elderly, and for its reliability, the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was obtained by trial distribution among 120 elderly people. According to the research results, the path coefficient of health factors (0.31), perceived benefits (0.21), perceived obstacles (-0.15), social (0.22), cultural (0.40), competition and Benefits (0.32), physical fitness (0.34), medicine (-0.12), financial-economic (0.22), knowledge (0.15), information and advertising (0.36), health and well-being (0.16), adaptability (0.36), organizational policy (0.22) and reputation (-0.34) have a significant relationship, the four-level model Moll and his colleagues 2005 in the levels of structural factors, hard, soft, incentive factors are the classification of the proposed research model. According to the results of the research, we conclude that out of fifteen factors affecting the obstacles in the country's elderly people's tendency to exercise and physical activity, five factors are health, cultural, physical fitness, information and advertising, and adaptability.Aging is a natural process and a sensitive period in human life, cross-sectional research method and in terms of using the obtained results, applied, the statistical population of elderly men and women over 60 years old in 20 provinces was the target., random-cluster statistical sample, The questionnaire tool was developed by the researcher, and Smirnov's Klomograph test was used to determine the normality of distribution, and Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the relationship, and analyzes were performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software and Imus Graphics. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated through content validity by summarizing the opinions of 45 researchers in the field of sports for the elderly, and for its reliability, the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was obtained by trial distribution among 120 elderly people. According to the research results, the path coefficient of health factors (0.31), perceived benefits (0.21), perceived obstacles (-0.15), social (0.22), cultural (0.40), competition and Benefits (0.32), physical fitness (0.34), medicine (-0.12), financial-economic (0.22), knowledge (0.15), information and advertising (0.36), health and well-being (0.16), adaptability (0.36), organizational policy (0.22) and reputation (-0.34) have a significant relationship, the four-level model Moll and his colleagues 2005 in the levels of structural factors, hard, soft, incentive factors are the classification of the proposed research model. According to the results of the research, we conclude that out of fifteen factors affecting the obstacles in the country's elderly people's tendency to exercise and physical activity, five factors are health, cultural, physical fitness, information and advertising, and adaptability.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_202465_52670a16e0ad452cce0e9f63f5658e22.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219The Efect of Exercise Training on Myonectin and Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese People: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisThe Efect of Exercise Training on Myonectin and Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis19120821723210.22034/spmi.2025.494177.2691FAOmidZafarmandMSc in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, School of Humanities, University of Yasouj, Yasouj, Iran0000-0002-8626-2364MehdiMogharnasiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-9351-5948Journal Article20241216Purpose: Myonectin is a myokine that is secreted from skeletal muscle in response to exercise and has an inverse relationship with energy metabolism and the metabolic state of the body. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effect of exercise training on myonectin and insulin resistance in overweight and obese people.<br /><br />Methods: A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for English and Persian articles up to (27 June 2024) for studies of exercise training on myonectin and insulin resistance in overweight and obese individuals. Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. <br /><br />Results: In total, 9 studies on 291 overweight and obese subjects were meta-analyzed, the results showed that exercise training in overweight and obese subjects caused a non-significant increase in myonectin [WMD= 4.572 (10.680 to -1.536), P=0.142] and a significant reduction in insulin resistance [WMD= -0.726 (-0.553 to -0.899), P=0.001] Compared to the control group, it became overweight and obese.<br /><br />Conclusions: Although most studies have shown that exercise increases myonectin and reduces insulin resistance, it seems that the mechanism of changes in myonectin and insulin resistance following different exercise programs in overweight and obese individuals may be different. Therefore, exercise, with its effective effect on increasing myonectin and reducing insulin resistance, may be an appropriate and efficient method for increasing myonectin and reducing insulin resistance in overweight and obese.Purpose: Myonectin is a myokine that is secreted from skeletal muscle in response to exercise and has an inverse relationship with energy metabolism and the metabolic state of the body. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effect of exercise training on myonectin and insulin resistance in overweight and obese people.<br /><br />Methods: A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for English and Persian articles up to (27 June 2024) for studies of exercise training on myonectin and insulin resistance in overweight and obese individuals. Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. <br /><br />Results: In total, 9 studies on 291 overweight and obese subjects were meta-analyzed, the results showed that exercise training in overweight and obese subjects caused a non-significant increase in myonectin [WMD= 4.572 (10.680 to -1.536), P=0.142] and a significant reduction in insulin resistance [WMD= -0.726 (-0.553 to -0.899), P=0.001] Compared to the control group, it became overweight and obese.<br /><br />Conclusions: Although most studies have shown that exercise increases myonectin and reduces insulin resistance, it seems that the mechanism of changes in myonectin and insulin resistance following different exercise programs in overweight and obese individuals may be different. Therefore, exercise, with its effective effect on increasing myonectin and reducing insulin resistance, may be an appropriate and efficient method for increasing myonectin and reducing insulin resistance in overweight and obese.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_217232_d4eed004b8bcf41cc44b33eb55b31241.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535416420250219Development of a Paradigmatic Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Iraq's Football IndustryDevelopment of a Paradigmatic Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Iraq's Football Industry20922320813410.22034/spmi.2024.473737.2640FASaadGhazi HasanPh.D. student of sport management, Sport sciences department, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University Isfahan, IranAlirezaZamani NukaabadiAssistant Professor Sport siences department, Isfahan (khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University,, Isfahan, iran.0000-0002-1350-1504AlaaFalih JawadFull professor of Sport Management, Sport sciences department, Kerbala University, Kerbala, IraqKhosroJalaliAssociate professor of Sport Management, Sport sciences department, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20240816The football industry in Iraq faces significant challenges that hinder its growth and development, including managerial inefficiencies, financial constraints, and socio-political instability. Despite the global popularity of football and its potential to drive economic and social progress, the Iraqi football industry has struggled to achieve sustainable success. This research aims to develop a paradigmatic framework tailored to the unique conditions of the Iraqi football industry to enhance its performance and sustainability. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology grounded in the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, this study explores the perspectives of 23 experts in sports management, economics, and organizational behavior. The findings reveal critical areas where improvements are needed, including the development of professional football management, the enhancement of education and training systems, and the strengthening of club structures. The research identifies six core categories—causal conditions, central phenomenon, context, intervening conditions, strategies/actions, and results—that collectively inform the proposed framework. These categories address issues such as weak sports infrastructure, lack of strategic planning, and the impact of international sanctions on the football industry in Iraq. The study concludes by presenting a comprehensive model for improving the performance of Iraqi football clubs, emphasizing the importance of good governance, strategic investment in infrastructure, and fostering international collaborations. The proposed framework provides actionable insights that can guide policymakers and stakeholders in revitalizing the Iraqi football industry, ensuring its long-term growth and success. This research not only fills a significant gap in the literature but also offers practical solutions to the challenges facing football clubs in developing regions.The football industry in Iraq faces significant challenges that hinder its growth and development, including managerial inefficiencies, financial constraints, and socio-political instability. Despite the global popularity of football and its potential to drive economic and social progress, the Iraqi football industry has struggled to achieve sustainable success. This research aims to develop a paradigmatic framework tailored to the unique conditions of the Iraqi football industry to enhance its performance and sustainability. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology grounded in the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, this study explores the perspectives of 23 experts in sports management, economics, and organizational behavior. The findings reveal critical areas where improvements are needed, including the development of professional football management, the enhancement of education and training systems, and the strengthening of club structures. The research identifies six core categories—causal conditions, central phenomenon, context, intervening conditions, strategies/actions, and results—that collectively inform the proposed framework. These categories address issues such as weak sports infrastructure, lack of strategic planning, and the impact of international sanctions on the football industry in Iraq. The study concludes by presenting a comprehensive model for improving the performance of Iraqi football clubs, emphasizing the importance of good governance, strategic investment in infrastructure, and fostering international collaborations. The proposed framework provides actionable insights that can guide policymakers and stakeholders in revitalizing the Iraqi football industry, ensuring its long-term growth and success. This research not only fills a significant gap in the literature but also offers practical solutions to the challenges facing football clubs in developing regions.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_208134_ff718da4261fbe01a7991dd406117299.pdf