Sport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Factors affecting the development of educational sports in Iran with a futures study approachFactors affecting the development of educational sports in Iran with a futures study approach92422483210.22034/spmi.2025.304078.2127FASaharRamzanpourPhD Candidate, Department of Sports Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.VahidShojaeiAssociate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.MohammadHamiAssociate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.Journal Article20211205Futurism as a methodological approach facilitates sustainable planning outcomes. This study employs a futuristic perspective to identify key factors influencing sports law development in Iran and examines their interrelationships to propose optimal scenarios. Utilizing futurology methods, the research combines documentary analysis and environmental scanning for data collection, with structural/interaction analysis performed through MICMAC software. Environmental scanning initially identified 41 factors across five domains affecting sports law development. The scatter plot analysis revealed systemic instability, with most variables distributed around the diagonal axis. The classification of 41 variables across five primary domains (review authorities, legal documents/resources, programs/policies, human resources, and emerging issues), followed by their dispersion analysis into five factor categories (bimodal, influential, independent, influenced, and regulatory), offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics of Iran's sports law system.Futurism as a methodological approach facilitates sustainable planning outcomes. This study employs a futuristic perspective to identify key factors influencing sports law development in Iran and examines their interrelationships to propose optimal scenarios. Utilizing futurology methods, the research combines documentary analysis and environmental scanning for data collection, with structural/interaction analysis performed through MICMAC software. Environmental scanning initially identified 41 factors across five domains affecting sports law development. The scatter plot analysis revealed systemic instability, with most variables distributed around the diagonal axis. The classification of 41 variables across five primary domains (review authorities, legal documents/resources, programs/policies, human resources, and emerging issues), followed by their dispersion analysis into five factor categories (bimodal, influential, independent, influenced, and regulatory), offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics of Iran's sports law system.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_224832_25d45bbb19a0fdacffcb1b03f02a283c.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Comparison of two models of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on genes related to autophagy in heart muscle of elderly ratsComparison of two models of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on genes related to autophagy in heart muscle of elderly rats253722650610.22034/spmi.2025.414278.2515FAAzadehTaheriPhD student, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3609-3996MandanaGholamiAssociate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8960-4123BehzadBazgirExercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.HoseinAbednatanziAssistant Professor, Department of Professional Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6638-1131Journal Article20230831Aging populations experience increased cardiomyocyte death due to a decline in autophagy, a crucial anti-aging mechanism for cardiac cells. This study compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on autophagy-related gene expression in the cardiac muscle of elderly rats. Twenty-four aged male Wistar rats (~20 months old; 350 ± 50 g) were randomized into three groups: control (n=8), MICT (n=8), and HIIT (n=8). The 4-week exercise protocols were as follows: MICT: 5-minute warm-up (30–40% VO₂max), 30-minute continuous running (60–65% VO₂max), and cooldown. HIIT: 30-minute sessions comprising a 5-minute warm-up (30–40% VO₂max), 8 × 3-minute high-intensity intervals (85–90% VO₂max) interspersed with 2-minute active recovery (30–35% VO₂max). Gene expression (FOXO3a, Beclin-1, LC3-II) was quantified via real-time PCR. One-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) revealed: FOXO3a: HIIT significantly upregulated expression vs. control (*p* < 0.05) and MICT; no difference between MICT and control. Beclin-1: Both HIIT and MICT groups exhibited higher expression than control (*p* < 0.05), with no intergroup difference. LC3-II: Both exercise groups surpassed control levels, with HIIT showing greater elevation than MICT. Both HIIT and MICT enhance autophagy-related gene expression in aged rats, suggesting exercise-induced autophagy activation. HIIT demonstrated superior efficacy, particularly in upregulating FOXO3a and LC3-II, implicating its potential advantage for mitigating age-related cardiac autophagy decline.Aging populations experience increased cardiomyocyte death due to a decline in autophagy, a crucial anti-aging mechanism for cardiac cells. This study compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on autophagy-related gene expression in the cardiac muscle of elderly rats. Twenty-four aged male Wistar rats (~20 months old; 350 ± 50 g) were randomized into three groups: control (n=8), MICT (n=8), and HIIT (n=8). The 4-week exercise protocols were as follows: MICT: 5-minute warm-up (30–40% VO₂max), 30-minute continuous running (60–65% VO₂max), and cooldown. HIIT: 30-minute sessions comprising a 5-minute warm-up (30–40% VO₂max), 8 × 3-minute high-intensity intervals (85–90% VO₂max) interspersed with 2-minute active recovery (30–35% VO₂max). Gene expression (FOXO3a, Beclin-1, LC3-II) was quantified via real-time PCR. One-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) revealed: FOXO3a: HIIT significantly upregulated expression vs. control (*p* < 0.05) and MICT; no difference between MICT and control. Beclin-1: Both HIIT and MICT groups exhibited higher expression than control (*p* < 0.05), with no intergroup difference. LC3-II: Both exercise groups surpassed control levels, with HIIT showing greater elevation than MICT. Both HIIT and MICT enhance autophagy-related gene expression in aged rats, suggesting exercise-induced autophagy activation. HIIT demonstrated superior efficacy, particularly in upregulating FOXO3a and LC3-II, implicating its potential advantage for mitigating age-related cardiac autophagy decline.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226506_8a3e03202fb19e568b56f1f855911e27.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Designing a pattern of factors affecting the development of Iranian grassroots footballDesigning a pattern of factors affecting the development of Iranian grassroots football385422483010.22034/spmi.2024.410895.2511FASalehAhmadiPhD student in Sport Management, Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IranHosseinRajabi Noush AbadiAssistant Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7948-1446MeisamAllahmoradiAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-4727-6966Journal Article20231106
Grassroots football is regarded as a key pillar of player development and serves as the foundation for supporting adult teams across various age groups. This study aims to design a model of the factors influencing the development of grassroots football in Iran. The research adopts a qualitative and applied methodology, following Strauss and Corbin’s approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved (n = 20). Using MAXQDA software, 120 codes were extracted from the interview transcripts. After expert review and code refinement, 32 distinct and recurring codes were selected. Through open and axial coding, the results identified 32 conceptual codes, categorized into: Structural factors (6 elements: facilities and equipment, infrastructure, safety, hygiene, standardization, and accessibility), Management factors (4 elements: planning, organizing, communicating, and monitoring/evaluating), and Human factors (6 elements: psychology, individual characteristics, culture, behavior, trainers’ knowledge, and grassroots football management).
Grassroots football is regarded as a key pillar of player development and serves as the foundation for supporting adult teams across various age groups. This study aims to design a model of the factors influencing the development of grassroots football in Iran. The research adopts a qualitative and applied methodology, following Strauss and Corbin’s approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved (n = 20). Using MAXQDA software, 120 codes were extracted from the interview transcripts. After expert review and code refinement, 32 distinct and recurring codes were selected. Through open and axial coding, the results identified 32 conceptual codes, categorized into: Structural factors (6 elements: facilities and equipment, infrastructure, safety, hygiene, standardization, and accessibility), Management factors (4 elements: planning, organizing, communicating, and monitoring/evaluating), and Human factors (6 elements: psychology, individual characteristics, culture, behavior, trainers’ knowledge, and grassroots football management). https://www.sportrc.ir/article_224830_dd9e2d9e0bd891607d383dc4408384e4.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522The effect of vitamin D catabolism supplementation and very intense intermittent exercise on some systemic indices (IL-1b and beta-catenin) of heart tissue in middle-aged Wistar malesThe effect of vitamin D catabolism supplementation and very intense intermittent exercise on some systemic indices (IL-1b and beta-catenin) of heart tissue in middle-aged Wistar males557322650710.22034/spmi.2025.393644.2443FAParniaSarikhaniPhD Student of exercise physiology. Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranAbbas AliGaeiniProfessor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran Iran.0000-0002-9279-413xAli AsgharRavasiProfessor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran Iran.0000-0003-2135-5647Journal Article20230418IL-1β and β-catenin are key regulators of cardiac myocyte inflammation and function. This experimental study examined the combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these inflammatory markers in cardiac tissue of middle-aged male Wistar rats. Twenty-two 12-month-old rats (250-300g) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) control, 2) vitamin D alone (500 IU/kg via gavage 3×/week), 3) HIIT alone (4 days/week for 3 weeks), and 4) HIIT+vitamin D. Cardiac tissue analysis revealed that the combined intervention significantly decreased IL-1β gene expression while increasing β-catenin levels (p<0.05). Additionally, maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) significantly improved in the combined treatment group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that concurrent vitamin D supplementation and HIIT may reduce cardiac inflammation through IL-1β suppression while promoting beneficial cardiac remodeling via β-catenin upregulation, potentially enhancing cardiovascular stability and function.IL-1β and β-catenin are key regulators of cardiac myocyte inflammation and function. This experimental study examined the combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these inflammatory markers in cardiac tissue of middle-aged male Wistar rats. Twenty-two 12-month-old rats (250-300g) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) control, 2) vitamin D alone (500 IU/kg via gavage 3×/week), 3) HIIT alone (4 days/week for 3 weeks), and 4) HIIT+vitamin D. Cardiac tissue analysis revealed that the combined intervention significantly decreased IL-1β gene expression while increasing β-catenin levels (p<0.05). Additionally, maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) significantly improved in the combined treatment group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that concurrent vitamin D supplementation and HIIT may reduce cardiac inflammation through IL-1β suppression while promoting beneficial cardiac remodeling via β-catenin upregulation, potentially enhancing cardiovascular stability and function.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226507_871e81fd5752839a1e6cf89f0812fe3e.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Challenges and Opportunities of Maintaining Sports Elites in Kermanshah ProvinceChallenges and Opportunities of Maintaining Sports Elites in Kermanshah Province749219740110.22034/spmi.2024.454490.2594FAMehranKeyhanzadehMSc Student, Sport Management Department,, faculty of Sport Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.0009-0009-6954-0850HosseinEydiAssistant Professor, Sport Management Department,, faculty of Sport Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0002-6039-7826Journal Article20240427Numerous economic, social, and managerial factors have contributed to the discouragement and migration of athletes. Key issues include financial constraints, lack of meritocracy, systemic barriers, challenges in international laws and federation policies, restrictions on social freedoms, stringent immigration laws in host countries, federations' neglect of athletes' welfare, appointment of non-sports managers, officials' indifference, managerial inefficiency, and inadequate spiritual support. This study aimed to investigate the challenges and opportunities in retaining sports elites in Kermanshah Province. A qualitative research method was adopted, following Glaser's approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including sports elites, university sports management professors (with relevant expertise), provincial sports executives, and researchers. Validity was ensured through internal agreement. Findings revealed five main challenges in retaining sports elites: economic, political, socio-cultural, sports-related, and managerial. Conversely, seven key opportunities were identified: enhancing national and provincial pride, strengthening international image, nurturing future generations, improving executive services, leveraging sports ambassadors, promoting role models, and developing sports experts. The study concludes that provincial sports officials and policymakers must prioritize addressing these challenges to harness the potential opportunities for retaining sports elites.Numerous economic, social, and managerial factors have contributed to the discouragement and migration of athletes. Key issues include financial constraints, lack of meritocracy, systemic barriers, challenges in international laws and federation policies, restrictions on social freedoms, stringent immigration laws in host countries, federations' neglect of athletes' welfare, appointment of non-sports managers, officials' indifference, managerial inefficiency, and inadequate spiritual support. This study aimed to investigate the challenges and opportunities in retaining sports elites in Kermanshah Province. A qualitative research method was adopted, following Glaser's approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including sports elites, university sports management professors (with relevant expertise), provincial sports executives, and researchers. Validity was ensured through internal agreement. Findings revealed five main challenges in retaining sports elites: economic, political, socio-cultural, sports-related, and managerial. Conversely, seven key opportunities were identified: enhancing national and provincial pride, strengthening international image, nurturing future generations, improving executive services, leveraging sports ambassadors, promoting role models, and developing sports experts. The study concludes that provincial sports officials and policymakers must prioritize addressing these challenges to harness the potential opportunities for retaining sports elites.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_197401_941b7b3e8b4a427889f3729e7382dba0.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Developing a model of sports drug and supplement abuse among Iranian novice athletes using the Three-Factor FrameworkDeveloping a model of sports drug and supplement abuse among Iranian novice athletes using the Three-Factor Framework9311122528910.22034/spmi.2025.483386.2667FARahmanSooriProfessor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4661-7204MohammadMohammadiInstructor, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Malayer of University, Malayer, IranJournal Article20241013This study investigated performance-enhancing substance misuse among non-professional athletes in Iran, developing a predictive model and proposing intervention strategies. Using a sequential mixed-methods design, the research first employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational approach with cross-sectional data collection, followed by qualitative validation through two expert focus groups (n=10; 52-minute and 38-minute sessions). The study population comprised athletes aged ≥15 years with ≥1 year training experience across 20 Iranian provinces, representing 19 sports disciplines (including football, martial arts, swimming, and weightlifting). Cluster random sampling was used, with data collected via a researcher-developed questionnaire. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality testing, Pearson's correlations, and path analysis (SPSS 22 & AMOS). Key findings revealed significant relationships between substance misuse and: athletes' attitudes (β=0.22), influencers (β=0.17), access (β=0.18), ethical-cultural factors (β=-0.01), audiovisual media (β=-0.15), economic factors (β=-0.14), education/research (β=-0.15), and supplement distribution oversight (β=-0.14). The final model identifies eight predictive factors: attitude, ethical-cultural dimensions, media exposure, social influencers, accessibility, economic constraints, educational gaps, and regulatory weaknesses in supplement distribution.This study investigated performance-enhancing substance misuse among non-professional athletes in Iran, developing a predictive model and proposing intervention strategies. Using a sequential mixed-methods design, the research first employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational approach with cross-sectional data collection, followed by qualitative validation through two expert focus groups (n=10; 52-minute and 38-minute sessions). The study population comprised athletes aged ≥15 years with ≥1 year training experience across 20 Iranian provinces, representing 19 sports disciplines (including football, martial arts, swimming, and weightlifting). Cluster random sampling was used, with data collected via a researcher-developed questionnaire. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality testing, Pearson's correlations, and path analysis (SPSS 22 & AMOS). Key findings revealed significant relationships between substance misuse and: athletes' attitudes (β=0.22), influencers (β=0.17), access (β=0.18), ethical-cultural factors (β=-0.01), audiovisual media (β=-0.15), economic factors (β=-0.14), education/research (β=-0.15), and supplement distribution oversight (β=-0.14). The final model identifies eight predictive factors: attitude, ethical-cultural dimensions, media exposure, social influencers, accessibility, economic constraints, educational gaps, and regulatory weaknesses in supplement distribution.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_225289_e8bc6b0edbed85d48fd8e705eda796ec.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522An Analysis of Sports Tourism Development Indicators in Asia: A Comparative Study of Policies in Leading NationsAn Analysis of Sports Tourism Development Indicators in Asia: A Comparative Study of Policies in Leading Nations11213121844410.22034/spmi.2024.471914.2633FASetareEskandariPhD in sport management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran.SadeghRanjbarDepartment of Sport, Cultural heritage and Tourism, Iran's Parliament Research center, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240901Sports tourism has the potential to drive social, economic, and environmental initiatives, fostering development and leaving a lasting positive impact. A key strategy for advancing sports tourism is to draw inspiration from leading nations in this field and adapt these models to align with Iranian and Islamic culture. This study examines the policies and laws of four prominent countries—China, Japan, South Korea, and Qatar—regarding sports tourism development, particularly focusing on their experiences with hosting major sporting events as a significant revenue indicator. The analysis revealed that in all four countries, the government is legally mandated to prioritize and support tourism development. Each country has established specific laws aimed at promoting tourism, with a notable emphasis on enhancing sports infrastructure. Additionally, there exists a national framework that facilitates collaboration between the sports and tourism sectors. These nations have also focused on integrating their cultural heritage with sports, and all have successfully hosted a variety of international and national sporting events. The effective use of natural resources has further bolstered their ability to attract tourists. Therefore, in order to develop sports tourism, operational solutions are suggested as follows: developing sports infrastructure and allocating a special budget; Compilation of guidelines for the cooperation of sports organizations with the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts by the Ministry in order to promote domestic sports tourism; Holding heritage sports festivals such as Zorkhaneh sports and Chogan (Iranian Polo Sport) at the local, national and regional levels; supporting and expanding activities and sports appropriate to climatic conditions; Compilation of the national sports tourism development plan; Government support for holding national and international events.Sports tourism has the potential to drive social, economic, and environmental initiatives, fostering development and leaving a lasting positive impact. A key strategy for advancing sports tourism is to draw inspiration from leading nations in this field and adapt these models to align with Iranian and Islamic culture. This study examines the policies and laws of four prominent countries—China, Japan, South Korea, and Qatar—regarding sports tourism development, particularly focusing on their experiences with hosting major sporting events as a significant revenue indicator. The analysis revealed that in all four countries, the government is legally mandated to prioritize and support tourism development. Each country has established specific laws aimed at promoting tourism, with a notable emphasis on enhancing sports infrastructure. Additionally, there exists a national framework that facilitates collaboration between the sports and tourism sectors. These nations have also focused on integrating their cultural heritage with sports, and all have successfully hosted a variety of international and national sporting events. The effective use of natural resources has further bolstered their ability to attract tourists. Therefore, in order to develop sports tourism, operational solutions are suggested as follows: developing sports infrastructure and allocating a special budget; Compilation of guidelines for the cooperation of sports organizations with the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts by the Ministry in order to promote domestic sports tourism; Holding heritage sports festivals such as Zorkhaneh sports and Chogan (Iranian Polo Sport) at the local, national and regional levels; supporting and expanding activities and sports appropriate to climatic conditions; Compilation of the national sports tourism development plan; Government support for holding national and international events.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_218444_3a3d7586deedd8869386c9ca48069777.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Investigating the effect of 10 weeks of intense interval training and high-fat diet on the expression of interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha protein in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.Investigating the effect of 10 weeks of intense interval training and high-fat diet on the expression of interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha protein in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.22529110.22034/spmi.2025.487421.2679FAAnahitaNafisiDoctoral student of sports physiology, sports science department, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran0009-0009-1361-5868Mohammad RezaKourdiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tehran University of Sports Biology,0000-0002-7999-4292RezaNouriAssociate Professor of Sport Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1976-3561Journal Article20241110Excessive accumulation of fat leads to obesity, which is also known as enlarged adipose tissue. This process is caused by fat hyperplasia or fat tissue hypertrophy. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and increased inflammatory indices. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and high fat diet (HFD) on IL-6 and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Research method: 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (normal diet), intense interval training (HIIT), high-fat diet (HFD) and intense interval training + high-fat diet (HIT+HFD). Before the start, the maximum running speed test was taken. Then the rats were exposed to interventions for 10 weeks and after the end of this period, the visceral fat tissue was separated and stored at -20 temperature for laboratory analysis. Findings: 10-week high-fat diet (HFD) significantly increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in adipose tissue. This increase was also observed in the group of intense interval training + high-fat diet (HIT+HFD) compared to the control group, but it was less than the high-fat diet (HFD) (p<0.05). Also, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue in response to HIIT compared to the control group had a non-significant decrease (p<0.05). Fat profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL) were also significantly increased in two groups consuming HFD and HIT+HFD, and in response to HIIT, HDL levels increased significantly (<0.05). p). Conclusion: HFD causes an increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the body, and exercising can only partially moderate this increase. Adherence to diet and exercise are recommended to fully control inflammatory indicators in the body.Excessive accumulation of fat leads to obesity, which is also known as enlarged adipose tissue. This process is caused by fat hyperplasia or fat tissue hypertrophy. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and increased inflammatory indices. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and high fat diet (HFD) on IL-6 and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Research method: 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (normal diet), intense interval training (HIIT), high-fat diet (HFD) and intense interval training + high-fat diet (HIT+HFD). Before the start, the maximum running speed test was taken. Then the rats were exposed to interventions for 10 weeks and after the end of this period, the visceral fat tissue was separated and stored at -20 temperature for laboratory analysis. Findings: 10-week high-fat diet (HFD) significantly increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in adipose tissue. This increase was also observed in the group of intense interval training + high-fat diet (HIT+HFD) compared to the control group, but it was less than the high-fat diet (HFD) (p<0.05). Also, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue in response to HIIT compared to the control group had a non-significant decrease (p<0.05). Fat profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL) were also significantly increased in two groups consuming HFD and HIT+HFD, and in response to HIIT, HDL levels increased significantly (<0.05). p). Conclusion: HFD causes an increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the body, and exercising can only partially moderate this increase. Adherence to diet and exercise are recommended to fully control inflammatory indicators in the body.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_225291_b83cf201e67b729e8ab43d99940e70b9.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Investigating the consequences of the iran's championship sportInvestigating the consequences of the iran's championship sport19747510.22034/spmi.2024.448126.2584FAMeysamRahimizadehAssistant Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6882-5592AmirhoseynMonazzamiShahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityJournal Article20240311The main objective of this research was to examine the consequences of national championship sports. To achieve the stated goal and considering the specialized nature of the research topic, a qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews with experts in this field. In this regard, individuals related to the research topic were identified in the following areas: all sports management professors and specialists, federation presidents, provincial sports and youth general managers, and senior experts from the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The interviews were purposeful and conducted in a snowball sampling, ultimately involving 19 participants. Finally, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach through three coding stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the section on casual conditions, concepts derived from sign coding were categorized into six components, totaling 35 items. In the contextual conditions, 99 general concepts and eight final categories were identified. The intervention conditions included six main components and 53 categorized items. Additionally, the identified strategies were presented in seven domains to cover the internal and external challenges of championship sports in Iran. These domains included managerial, legal, human resources, facilities, economic, structural, and cultural-media aspects. Finally, the identified outcomes resulting from the strategies encompassed economic development, national development, behavioral development, and structural development, which to a large extent align with the strategies themselves.The main objective of this research was to examine the consequences of national championship sports. To achieve the stated goal and considering the specialized nature of the research topic, a qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews with experts in this field. In this regard, individuals related to the research topic were identified in the following areas: all sports management professors and specialists, federation presidents, provincial sports and youth general managers, and senior experts from the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The interviews were purposeful and conducted in a snowball sampling, ultimately involving 19 participants. Finally, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach through three coding stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the section on casual conditions, concepts derived from sign coding were categorized into six components, totaling 35 items. In the contextual conditions, 99 general concepts and eight final categories were identified. The intervention conditions included six main components and 53 categorized items. Additionally, the identified strategies were presented in seven domains to cover the internal and external challenges of championship sports in Iran. These domains included managerial, legal, human resources, facilities, economic, structural, and cultural-media aspects. Finally, the identified outcomes resulting from the strategies encompassed economic development, national development, behavioral development, and structural development, which to a large extent align with the strategies themselves.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_197475_a487ced00a93ffd3cec725c4576fa205.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Comparison of the Effects of Eight Weeks of Combined Training and Royal Jelly Supplementation on Factors Influencing Fat Metabolism and Fitness Indices in Postmenopausal Women with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseaseComparison of the Effects of Eight Weeks of Combined Training and Royal Jelly Supplementation on Factors Influencing Fat Metabolism and Fitness Indices in Postmenopausal Women with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease22528710.22034/spmi.2025.504291.2712FARoyaAskari1. Associate Professor, Department of Exrcise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.0000-0003-4331-2293ZahraMazhari MajdMaster's degree, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences ,Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.Amir HosseinHaghighiProfessor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranMarzieh SadatAzarnivehAssistant Professor, Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.NazaninRabbaniMaster's degree, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences ,Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.Journal Article20250203Background & objectives: The study investigates the effects of combined exercise and royal jelly supplementation on changes in specific physical fitness and biochemical indicators in postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).<br /><br />Methods: Twenty-three postmenopausal women with NAFLD were randomly assigned to two groups: exercise + supplement (N=11) , exercise + placebo ( N=12). Resistance exercises included 8 weeks, 3 sessions of 35-40 minutes, eight stations, followed by 10-15 minutes of rest, aerobic exercises with an intensity of 40-85% of the target heart rate in two-minute intervals with 45 seconds of rest. The groups consumed 500 mg of royal jelly supplement or placebo before exercise sessions. Physical fitness - biochemical tests were conducted 48 hours before and after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software with a significance level of p<0.05.<br /><br />Results: The effect of exercise + supplement on Apo B (p=0.107) was not significant. A significant increase in HDL (p=0.005), decrease in LDL (p=0.027), TC (p=0.045), and TG (p=0.013) were observed in the exercise + supplement group compared to the other group. A significant increase in lower extremity muscle strength (p=0.008) was found in the exercise + placebo group. Despite significant improvement in aerobic fitness and dynamic balance in both groups, there was no significant interactive effect (p=0.407; p=0.806).<br /><br />Conclusion: Combined exercise and royal jelly consumption have significant effects on lipid profile. Functional indicators improved in both groups. Further controlled studies may provide stronger scientific evidence.Background & objectives: The study investigates the effects of combined exercise and royal jelly supplementation on changes in specific physical fitness and biochemical indicators in postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).<br /><br />Methods: Twenty-three postmenopausal women with NAFLD were randomly assigned to two groups: exercise + supplement (N=11) , exercise + placebo ( N=12). Resistance exercises included 8 weeks, 3 sessions of 35-40 minutes, eight stations, followed by 10-15 minutes of rest, aerobic exercises with an intensity of 40-85% of the target heart rate in two-minute intervals with 45 seconds of rest. The groups consumed 500 mg of royal jelly supplement or placebo before exercise sessions. Physical fitness - biochemical tests were conducted 48 hours before and after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software with a significance level of p<0.05.<br /><br />Results: The effect of exercise + supplement on Apo B (p=0.107) was not significant. A significant increase in HDL (p=0.005), decrease in LDL (p=0.027), TC (p=0.045), and TG (p=0.013) were observed in the exercise + supplement group compared to the other group. A significant increase in lower extremity muscle strength (p=0.008) was found in the exercise + placebo group. Despite significant improvement in aerobic fitness and dynamic balance in both groups, there was no significant interactive effect (p=0.407; p=0.806).<br /><br />Conclusion: Combined exercise and royal jelly consumption have significant effects on lipid profile. Functional indicators improved in both groups. Further controlled studies may provide stronger scientific evidence.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_225287_8886167b1d29a722463d1848af2f1a4e.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522Explaining the model of factors affecting the involvement of sports consumption among volleyball fans in Kurdistan provinceExplaining the model of factors affecting the involvement of sports consumption among volleyball fans in Kurdistan province22650410.22034/spmi.2025.465645.2622FABehzadIzadiFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0002-1881-6185FoadNorouziPhD student in Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranEsfandiarKavehFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranJournal Article20240702The purpose of this research was to explain the model of factors affecting the consumption of volleyball. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research included all volleyball fans of the National League team in Kurdistan province in the Premier League of 1401. Due to the uncertainty of the research population, the statistical sample of 340 people was estimated through Cochran's formula. The research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire with 41 questions redesigned from previous researches on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity of the instrument was evaluated and confirmed using the opinion of experts (7 people), reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Descriptive statistics indices were used in data analysis, and statistical tests and structural equation approach were used in the inferential statistics section. To analyze the data, SPSS22 and Excel2013 software and the third version of Smart PLS3 software were used. The description of the dimensions of the variables showed that the internal motivation factor had the highest mean (5.71) and the structural quality of the relationship had the lowest mean (4.49). Based on the modeling results, the fit of the model was confirmed in three parts: starting, structural and general models (SRMR = 0.07). The path analysis of the relationships between the main variables showed that customers' motivations with a coefficient of 0.64 and perceived value with a coefficient of 0.20 have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the mutual relationship. Also, customers' motives with a coefficient of 0.21 and perceived value with a coefficient of 0.38 had a positive and significant effect on sports consumption involvement. Finally, the quality of mutual relationship with a coefficient of 0.30 had a positive and significant effect on the involvement of sports consumption. In order to increase the attendance of spectators in the game, it is necessary to identify the factors and motivations that affect attendance, whether internal, external and environmental motives, and to measure the impact of each on the attendance rate. Therefore, it is suggested to the marketing team of the volleyball federation and the volleyball clubs of Kurdistan province to focus on the promotion of motivational stimuli including internal and external motivations, consumer and non-consumer value, and the structural and content quality of the product with an emphasis on the participation of fans in their marketing plan. .The purpose of this research was to explain the model of factors affecting the consumption of volleyball. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research included all volleyball fans of the National League team in Kurdistan province in the Premier League of 1401. Due to the uncertainty of the research population, the statistical sample of 340 people was estimated through Cochran's formula. The research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire with 41 questions redesigned from previous researches on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity of the instrument was evaluated and confirmed using the opinion of experts (7 people), reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Descriptive statistics indices were used in data analysis, and statistical tests and structural equation approach were used in the inferential statistics section. To analyze the data, SPSS22 and Excel2013 software and the third version of Smart PLS3 software were used. The description of the dimensions of the variables showed that the internal motivation factor had the highest mean (5.71) and the structural quality of the relationship had the lowest mean (4.49). Based on the modeling results, the fit of the model was confirmed in three parts: starting, structural and general models (SRMR = 0.07). The path analysis of the relationships between the main variables showed that customers' motivations with a coefficient of 0.64 and perceived value with a coefficient of 0.20 have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the mutual relationship. Also, customers' motives with a coefficient of 0.21 and perceived value with a coefficient of 0.38 had a positive and significant effect on sports consumption involvement. Finally, the quality of mutual relationship with a coefficient of 0.30 had a positive and significant effect on the involvement of sports consumption. In order to increase the attendance of spectators in the game, it is necessary to identify the factors and motivations that affect attendance, whether internal, external and environmental motives, and to measure the impact of each on the attendance rate. Therefore, it is suggested to the marketing team of the volleyball federation and the volleyball clubs of Kurdistan province to focus on the promotion of motivational stimuli including internal and external motivations, consumer and non-consumer value, and the structural and content quality of the product with an emphasis on the participation of fans in their marketing plan. .https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226504_07d5201fe9e6dbb96ee20439b5901c93.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522The Effect of Four Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training with Lemon Supplementation on Selected Hematological Blood Indices, Plasma Lipid Profile, Fat Oxidation, and Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacity in Obese WomenThe Effect of Four Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training with Lemon Supplementation on Selected Hematological Blood Indices, Plasma Lipid Profile, Fat Oxidation, and Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacity in Obese Women22529010.22034/spmi.2025.509767.2720FASaharMaaroufiMaster of exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranKhadijehIrandoustAssociate Professor, Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran0000-0001-5839-9753EbrahimShaabani EzdiniPh.D Candidate, Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran0000-0001-8124-5779Journal Article20250301Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with lemon supplementation on hematological indices, plasma lipid profile, fat oxidation, and anaerobic and aerobic power in obese women.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 obese women (mean age: 34.62 ± 8.49 years; height: 160.93 ± 4.38 cm; weight: 83.25 ± 10.46 kg; and BMI: 32.10 ± 3.44 kg/m²) were randomly divided into four groups of 8 participants each: 1) Lemon Supplement, 2) High-Intensity Interval Training, 3) Lemon Supplement + High-Intensity Interval Training, and 4) Control. Lemon supplementation was provided in capsule form to the relevant groups. HIIT was conducted for 4 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. Blood samples, body composition assessments, anaerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and fat oxidation were measured before and 48 hours after the interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using ANCOVA and Bonferroni tests at a significance level of P < 0.05 in SPSS 23 software.<br /><br />Results: The results showed no significant differences between the groups in hematological indices (RBC, Hb, HCT) (P > 0.05). High-intensity interval training and lemon supplementation significantly improved anaerobic power (P < 0.05). However, significant improvements in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and resting fat oxidation were observed only in the combined training-supplementation group (P < 0.05).<br /><br />Conclusion: Based on these findings, four weeks of high-intensity interval training combined with lemon supplementation, without significantly altering hematological indices, effectively impacts body mass index, maximal oxygen consumption, anaerobic power, fat oxidation, and total cholesterol in obese women.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with lemon supplementation on hematological indices, plasma lipid profile, fat oxidation, and anaerobic and aerobic power in obese women.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 obese women (mean age: 34.62 ± 8.49 years; height: 160.93 ± 4.38 cm; weight: 83.25 ± 10.46 kg; and BMI: 32.10 ± 3.44 kg/m²) were randomly divided into four groups of 8 participants each: 1) Lemon Supplement, 2) High-Intensity Interval Training, 3) Lemon Supplement + High-Intensity Interval Training, and 4) Control. Lemon supplementation was provided in capsule form to the relevant groups. HIIT was conducted for 4 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. Blood samples, body composition assessments, anaerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and fat oxidation were measured before and 48 hours after the interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using ANCOVA and Bonferroni tests at a significance level of P < 0.05 in SPSS 23 software.<br /><br />Results: The results showed no significant differences between the groups in hematological indices (RBC, Hb, HCT) (P > 0.05). High-intensity interval training and lemon supplementation significantly improved anaerobic power (P < 0.05). However, significant improvements in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and resting fat oxidation were observed only in the combined training-supplementation group (P < 0.05).<br /><br />Conclusion: Based on these findings, four weeks of high-intensity interval training combined with lemon supplementation, without significantly altering hematological indices, effectively impacts body mass index, maximal oxygen consumption, anaerobic power, fat oxidation, and total cholesterol in obese women.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_225290_aea0fc79bc8ba2dc78517c81536a1022.pdfSport Physiology & Management Investigations1735.535417120250522//Identifying the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the general sports and youth departments of the country////Identifying the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the general sports and youth departments of the country//22650510.22034/spmi.2025.476652.2645FAMohammd YaserYkekhanPhD student in sports management, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, Mashhad, IranKazemCheragh BirjandiAssistant Professor,
Department of Physical Education, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-0668-2511MohammdKeshtidarFerdowsi university of Mashhad; faculty of sport sciences; Mashhad; Iran.0000-0002-1705-4940JavadMohammd KhaniAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-9619-5890Journal Article20240902The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the sports and youth departments of the country. This research was done in the framework of mixed approach. The statistical population of expert participants present in this research includes: general managers of sports and youth departments of the country, deputy directors of the general sports and youth department of the country and employees of high and middle organizational levels and experts in the field of social responsibility with articles and publications; They were. The statistical sample was 15 people who were selected for a semi-structured interview as a purposeful sampling. In the quantitative section, 210 employees of sports and youth departments were selected as a sample according to the observable issues. Data analysis was done in the quantitative section with Bartlett, Keyser-Meier, O'Klin and Friedman tests and with the help of spss version 24 software. The validity of the data in the qualitative section was confirmed based on the intra-subject agreement percentage equal to 0.88. And in the quantitative part, Cronbach's alpha was obtained as 0.91. The results showed that the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the sports and youth departments are interaction with the media and other organizations, financial control, individual characteristics, hardware and software equipment, and administrative and social efficiency. Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the prioritization of the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the general sports and youth departments of the country, so that among the financial control factors, they have the highest rank and hardware and software equipment have the lowest rank. It is suggested that in order to create a desirable social responsibility in sports and youth departments, the factors to achieve the goal should be provided by managers and employees.The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the sports and youth departments of the country. This research was done in the framework of mixed approach. The statistical population of expert participants present in this research includes: general managers of sports and youth departments of the country, deputy directors of the general sports and youth department of the country and employees of high and middle organizational levels and experts in the field of social responsibility with articles and publications; They were. The statistical sample was 15 people who were selected for a semi-structured interview as a purposeful sampling. In the quantitative section, 210 employees of sports and youth departments were selected as a sample according to the observable issues. Data analysis was done in the quantitative section with Bartlett, Keyser-Meier, O'Klin and Friedman tests and with the help of spss version 24 software. The validity of the data in the qualitative section was confirmed based on the intra-subject agreement percentage equal to 0.88. And in the quantitative part, Cronbach's alpha was obtained as 0.91. The results showed that the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the sports and youth departments are interaction with the media and other organizations, financial control, individual characteristics, hardware and software equipment, and administrative and social efficiency. Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the prioritization of the background factors affecting the social responsibilities of the general sports and youth departments of the country, so that among the financial control factors, they have the highest rank and hardware and software equipment have the lowest rank. It is suggested that in order to create a desirable social responsibility in sports and youth departments, the factors to achieve the goal should be provided by managers and employees.https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226505_9923c3751cb60687ddd4191197dd7361.pdf