Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Legitimizing structures in the governance of sports organizations Legitimizing structures in the governance of sports organizations 9 30 208883 10.22034/spmi.2024.456589.2601 FA Abdullah Rasaee Rad PhD Student in Sport Management, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 0000-0002-2317-5853 Sedighe Heydarinejad Professor of Sport Management, - Sport Science Faculty - Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 0000-0002-8631-2851 Amin Khatibi Department of sport management, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0003-4921-5638 Journal Article 2024 05 10 The aim of the current study is to analyze and interpret the legitimacy structures of governance in sports organizations. To achieve this goal, researchers designed a mixed exploratory-analytical research plan. This mixed sequential study (interpretative-positivism) consists of a qualitative part based on the research synthesis approach (systematic review) and a quantitative part based on the multi-indicator decision-making approach focused on structural-interpretive modeling analysis. In the qualitative phase, databases from 2015 to 2023 were reviewed to adjust and select studies. To enhance reporting transparency and evidence quality, the researchers utilized the reporting guide (emerge) and the partial quality tool of Wash and Devon (2006) for an objective evaluation of study quality. In the quantitative phase, experts were involved in designing the structural-interpretive model of the sports governance system. A systematic review employing inductive thematic analysis of relevant literature identified eight semantic patterns as key elements of good governance in sports. The results of the structural-interpretive modeling revealed that structures related to good governance exist at three levels: the foundational level (including democratic processes - diversity, independence in governance, integrity of governance, and participatory governance), the procedural level of the governance system (government accountability and transparency), and the third level or the system's output (cyber governance and social responsibility). Furthermore, a detailed interpretation of the Mik Mak diagram showed that most governance-related structures are interconnected variables within the system. Effective governance in a sports organization can be defined as the implementation of principles and values that increase the organization's legitimacy. This means that processes and decisions are carried out transparently and fairly, while also ensuring accountability and responsiveness to the community. The aim of the current study is to analyze and interpret the legitimacy structures of governance in sports organizations. To achieve this goal, researchers designed a mixed exploratory-analytical research plan. This mixed sequential study (interpretative-positivism) consists of a qualitative part based on the research synthesis approach (systematic review) and a quantitative part based on the multi-indicator decision-making approach focused on structural-interpretive modeling analysis. In the qualitative phase, databases from 2015 to 2023 were reviewed to adjust and select studies. To enhance reporting transparency and evidence quality, the researchers utilized the reporting guide (emerge) and the partial quality tool of Wash and Devon (2006) for an objective evaluation of study quality. In the quantitative phase, experts were involved in designing the structural-interpretive model of the sports governance system. A systematic review employing inductive thematic analysis of relevant literature identified eight semantic patterns as key elements of good governance in sports. The results of the structural-interpretive modeling revealed that structures related to good governance exist at three levels: the foundational level (including democratic processes - diversity, independence in governance, integrity of governance, and participatory governance), the procedural level of the governance system (government accountability and transparency), and the third level or the system's output (cyber governance and social responsibility). Furthermore, a detailed interpretation of the Mik Mak diagram showed that most governance-related structures are interconnected variables within the system. Effective governance in a sports organization can be defined as the implementation of principles and values that increase the organization's legitimacy. This means that processes and decisions are carried out transparently and fairly, while also ensuring accountability and responsiveness to the community.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_208883_5d9248548f958594a229f782166a2384.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Investigating changes in serum levels of antioxidant enzymes following a long period of continuous and interval training in breast cancer survivors Investigating changes in serum levels of antioxidant enzymes following a long period of continuous and interval training in breast cancer survivors 31 44 239877 10.22034/spmi.2026.348939.2298 FA Rahman Soori Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Sport sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4661-7204 Parisa Pournemati Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Sport sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4528-5105 Sahabeh Mahdian PhD student, Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Sport sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 06 26 Oxidative stress has been reported as an increase in reactive oxygen species in breast cancer, and physical activity can also prevent breast cancer recurrence by enhancing the antioxidant system. This study aimed to investigate the role of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate–intensity continuous training (MICT) on serum levels of GPX and SOD in breast cancer survivors. in this quasi-experimental study, 45 postmenopausal women (age: 57.25±3.91) who after the termination of breast cancer treatment, were randomly divided into three groups of 15 individuals each (1) a high-HIIT group, and (2) MICT were performed for 12 weeks, three days a week, using a cycle ergometer. Biochemical indices were evaluated 48 hours before and after the interventions. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the turkey post hoc test at a significant level of 0.05. The results demonstrated 12 weeks of HIIT and MICT significantly increased SOD (P=0.001, P=0.029, respectively) and GPX (P<0.001, P=0.015, respectively). However, significant differences in SOD and GPX (P=0.002, P=0.005, respectively) was only observed between the HIIT and the control group. Additionally, no significant differences was observed between two training groups in SOD and GPX (P>0.05).it seems that HIIT and MICT to enhance the antioxidant system can be considered effective strategies to prevent cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors. Oxidative stress has been reported as an increase in reactive oxygen species in breast cancer, and physical activity can also prevent breast cancer recurrence by enhancing the antioxidant system. This study aimed to investigate the role of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate–intensity continuous training (MICT) on serum levels of GPX and SOD in breast cancer survivors. in this quasi-experimental study, 45 postmenopausal women (age: 57.25±3.91) who after the termination of breast cancer treatment, were randomly divided into three groups of 15 individuals each (1) a high-HIIT group, and (2) MICT were performed for 12 weeks, three days a week, using a cycle ergometer. Biochemical indices were evaluated 48 hours before and after the interventions. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the turkey post hoc test at a significant level of 0.05. The results demonstrated 12 weeks of HIIT and MICT significantly increased SOD (P=0.001, P=0.029, respectively) and GPX (P<0.001, P=0.015, respectively). However, significant differences in SOD and GPX (P=0.002, P=0.005, respectively) was only observed between the HIIT and the control group. Additionally, no significant differences was observed between two training groups in SOD and GPX (P>0.05).it seems that HIIT and MICT to enhance the antioxidant system can be considered effective strategies to prevent cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_239877_9d9cf1874062b723a70547983dc26aaf.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Identifying Effective Factors in Formulating Social Media Marketing Strategies of Iran's Premier Football League Clubs Identifying Effective Factors in Formulating Social Media Marketing Strategies of Iran's Premier Football League Clubs 45 69 211222 10.22034/spmi.2024.455884.2598 FA Naser Dokhtbagher Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Vajiheh Javani Associate, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0002-6667-5575 Saeid Pashazadeh Professor, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Yaghob Badriazarin Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 16 Today, social media marketing has created a significant upward trend in the marketing activities of football clubs, with many goods and services being exchanged electronically. Therefore, this study, with an applied objective and a pragmatic paradigm, aims to examine the factors influencing the development of social media marketing strategies for Iranian Premier League football clubs. To achieve this, the Delphi and fuzzy Delphi methods were utilized, drawing on the expertise of 20 specialists in sports marketing and social media. Initially, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, addressing key questions about marketing strategies. These questions included influential factors, digital marketing methods, challenges, and solutions for improving media performance. Based on the collected opinions, a 31-item questionnaire was designed. To ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, the fuzzy Delphi method was employed to analyze the experts' opinions in an integrated manner. This approach helped achieve group consensus and reduce potential biases. Additionally, fuzzy numbers were used to fuzzify the data and bring the results closer to reality. The findings of the research indicate that exchange marketing strategy, relational marketing strategy, database marketing strategy, knowledge-based marketing strategy, and customer-oriented marketing strategy can have valuable functions in enhancing the effectiveness of social media marketing activities of Iranian Premier League football clubs. This is achieved by fostering customer loyalty and satisfaction, enhancing brand recognition and awareness to increase brand identity, increasing market share, and understanding the relative quality and price of products, developing new products, increasing sales, and reducing marketing costs. The results of the study confirm these findings. The outcomes of this research can provide suitable strategies for developing social media marketing activities in the football industry. Today, social media marketing has created a significant upward trend in the marketing activities of football clubs, with many goods and services being exchanged electronically. Therefore, this study, with an applied objective and a pragmatic paradigm, aims to examine the factors influencing the development of social media marketing strategies for Iranian Premier League football clubs. To achieve this, the Delphi and fuzzy Delphi methods were utilized, drawing on the expertise of 20 specialists in sports marketing and social media. Initially, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, addressing key questions about marketing strategies. These questions included influential factors, digital marketing methods, challenges, and solutions for improving media performance. Based on the collected opinions, a 31-item questionnaire was designed. To ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, the fuzzy Delphi method was employed to analyze the experts' opinions in an integrated manner. This approach helped achieve group consensus and reduce potential biases. Additionally, fuzzy numbers were used to fuzzify the data and bring the results closer to reality. The findings of the research indicate that exchange marketing strategy, relational marketing strategy, database marketing strategy, knowledge-based marketing strategy, and customer-oriented marketing strategy can have valuable functions in enhancing the effectiveness of social media marketing activities of Iranian Premier League football clubs. This is achieved by fostering customer loyalty and satisfaction, enhancing brand recognition and awareness to increase brand identity, increasing market share, and understanding the relative quality and price of products, developing new products, increasing sales, and reducing marketing costs. The results of the study confirm these findings. The outcomes of this research can provide suitable strategies for developing social media marketing activities in the football industry.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_211222_e7518d50757d173d3646f53683163f7e.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Understanding the solutions and consequences of users' effective use of health and fitness applications Understanding the solutions and consequences of users' effective use of health and fitness applications 71 89 216830 10.22034/spmi.2025.442620.2571 FA Ahmad Mahmoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran 0000-0001-7579-2274 Ali Abolhoseini PhD student in Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3803-2994 Reza Amin Zadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Imam Reza International, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-9720-6309 Journal Article 2024 02 10 The aim of the current research was Understanding the solutions and consequences of users' effective use of health and fitness applications. The present qualitative research was carried out with thematic analysis method and the statistical population of this research was all the professors of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of the country (to specifically, sports management and media), sports bloggers, were experts in the field of sports technology. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used. The sampling method was purposeful and the sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The interviews with 21 people reached the theoretical saturation point. Based on thematic analysis, the data were coded and were analyzed. For solutions, 48 concepts, 6 sub-themes and 3 main themes (basic solutions, attraction solutions and targeted solutions) and for consequences 33 concepts, 6 sub-themes and 3 main themes (user growth and development, realization of program goals and development of individual sports) were identified. It can be said that by identifying these solutions and consequences, a suitable guide is recommended to the designers of these programs to pay attention to the tastes and needs of users more than anything else in the design of these applications. Design programs that can be run on all types of mobile phones and each user can use them according to their situation. The aim of the current research was Understanding the solutions and consequences of users' effective use of health and fitness applications. The present qualitative research was carried out with thematic analysis method and the statistical population of this research was all the professors of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of the country (to specifically, sports management and media), sports bloggers, were experts in the field of sports technology. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used. The sampling method was purposeful and the sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The interviews with 21 people reached the theoretical saturation point. Based on thematic analysis, the data were coded and were analyzed. For solutions, 48 concepts, 6 sub-themes and 3 main themes (basic solutions, attraction solutions and targeted solutions) and for consequences 33 concepts, 6 sub-themes and 3 main themes (user growth and development, realization of program goals and development of individual sports) were identified. It can be said that by identifying these solutions and consequences, a suitable guide is recommended to the designers of these programs to pay attention to the tastes and needs of users more than anything else in the design of these applications. Design programs that can be run on all types of mobile phones and each user can use them according to their situation.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216830_43f59ac568628db89185cfbdd4dbbb5d.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Developing a model of nostalgic feelings and preferences of sports consumers of Esteghlal Tehran football team fans Developing a model of nostalgic feelings and preferences of sports consumers of Esteghlal Tehran football team fans 91 109 217150 10.22034/spmi.2025.507760.2718 FA Ali Nejat PhD Student, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Jasem Manouchehri Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ali Zarei Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 24 Introduction and Objective: Nostalgic marketing stimulates the senses and emotions of consumers. The aim of this research is to design a model of nostalgic emotions and preferences of the fans of Esteghlal Football Club in Tehran. Methodology: The research method was mixed, with a sequential-exploratory design, systematic strategy, and path analysis, with a fundamental-developmental purpose. In the qualitative section, 15 experts in the field of sports marketing management were selected through purposeful theoretical sampling. In the quantitative section, 384 consumers and fans of the blue apparel of Esteghlal Football Club responded to a researcher-designed questionnaire using stratified random sampling. Qualitative analysis was conducted through three rounds of interviews until saturation and theoretical consensus were achieved for open, axial, and selective coding of the categories of the nostalgic emotions model and sports consumers' preferences. Quantitative analysis was performed using path analysis in Smart PLS (2) statistical software. Findings: The paradigm model of the research encompassed four dimensions; 31 categories, 160 concepts, and 180 items, including six constructs: causal conditions, central phenomenon, strategies, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and outcomes. The relationships between the constructs of causal conditions with the central phenomenon, the central phenomenon with strategies, contextual conditions with strategies, intervening conditions with strategies, and strategies with the outcomes of stimulating nostalgic emotions and consumer preferences were significant (T ≥ 1.98) and the model fit was evaluated as strong (GOF = 0.547). Conclusion: This study showed that marketing managers of sports organizations can benefit from the positive consequences of branding nostalgic products and help attract and retain loyal customers by identifying and analyzing fans' nostalgic feelings, designing nostalgia-based marketing strategies, utilizing internal and external branding, measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of strategies, and training employees. Introduction and Objective: Nostalgic marketing stimulates the senses and emotions of consumers. The aim of this research is to design a model of nostalgic emotions and preferences of the fans of Esteghlal Football Club in Tehran. Methodology: The research method was mixed, with a sequential-exploratory design, systematic strategy, and path analysis, with a fundamental-developmental purpose. In the qualitative section, 15 experts in the field of sports marketing management were selected through purposeful theoretical sampling. In the quantitative section, 384 consumers and fans of the blue apparel of Esteghlal Football Club responded to a researcher-designed questionnaire using stratified random sampling. Qualitative analysis was conducted through three rounds of interviews until saturation and theoretical consensus were achieved for open, axial, and selective coding of the categories of the nostalgic emotions model and sports consumers' preferences. Quantitative analysis was performed using path analysis in Smart PLS (2) statistical software. Findings: The paradigm model of the research encompassed four dimensions; 31 categories, 160 concepts, and 180 items, including six constructs: causal conditions, central phenomenon, strategies, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and outcomes. The relationships between the constructs of causal conditions with the central phenomenon, the central phenomenon with strategies, contextual conditions with strategies, intervening conditions with strategies, and strategies with the outcomes of stimulating nostalgic emotions and consumer preferences were significant (T ≥ 1.98) and the model fit was evaluated as strong (GOF = 0.547). Conclusion: This study showed that marketing managers of sports organizations can benefit from the positive consequences of branding nostalgic products and help attract and retain loyal customers by identifying and analyzing fans' nostalgic feelings, designing nostalgia-based marketing strategies, utilizing internal and external branding, measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of strategies, and training employees.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_217150_6894a85767cdde638cf9b9038b5fa5a1.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Changes of chemerin and resistin and apoptotic indices with diabetes induction after resistance and combined Endurance sports activity on rats Changes of chemerin and resistin and apoptotic indices with diabetes induction after resistance and combined Endurance sports activity on rats 111 126 226556 10.22034/spmi.2025.400527.2464 FA Parmida Haji Khani Ph.D of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ali Asghar Ravasi Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2135-5647 Reza Nouri Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1976-3561 Journal Article 2023 06 04 Background and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for heart attack and increases the risk of death in society. Current trends in the prevalence of diabetes and heart failure predict an increasing burden of disease. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the changes of chemerin and resistin and apoptotic indices by inducing diabetes after resistance and combined endurance sports activity on rats. Methodology: 32 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7: control, endurance training, resistance training, combined training, and trained for six weeks. Diabetes was induced by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin to the rats and the levels of Bax and Bcl2 proteins from the left ventricular tissue of the rats were measured by ELISA method. Insulin levels, glucose levels and insulin resistance index were measured. In order to determine the significance of the difference between the research groups, one-way ANOVA statistical test was used at the significance level of p < 0.05. Findings: The results showed that between the two groups of combined training and control in the values of resistin (P=0.037), chemrin (P=0.043), Bax and Bcl2 of heart tissue (P=0.000) and VO2 max values (P=0.000 P=0.00) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of diabetic Wistar rats, there is a significant difference. Also, there is a significant difference between the ratio of Bax to Bcl2 in diabetic Wistar rats, combined exercise groups and control groups. Conclusion: Therefore, six weeks of endurance, resistance and combined sports activities have positive effects on the amounts of resistin, chemerin, bax and bcl2 in the heart tissue of diabetic Wistar rats. Background and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for heart attack and increases the risk of death in society. Current trends in the prevalence of diabetes and heart failure predict an increasing burden of disease. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the changes of chemerin and resistin and apoptotic indices by inducing diabetes after resistance and combined endurance sports activity on rats. Methodology: 32 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7: control, endurance training, resistance training, combined training, and trained for six weeks. Diabetes was induced by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin to the rats and the levels of Bax and Bcl2 proteins from the left ventricular tissue of the rats were measured by ELISA method. Insulin levels, glucose levels and insulin resistance index were measured. In order to determine the significance of the difference between the research groups, one-way ANOVA statistical test was used at the significance level of p < 0.05. Findings: The results showed that between the two groups of combined training and control in the values of resistin (P=0.037), chemrin (P=0.043), Bax and Bcl2 of heart tissue (P=0.000) and VO2 max values (P=0.000 P=0.00) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of diabetic Wistar rats, there is a significant difference. Also, there is a significant difference between the ratio of Bax to Bcl2 in diabetic Wistar rats, combined exercise groups and control groups. Conclusion: Therefore, six weeks of endurance, resistance and combined sports activities have positive effects on the amounts of resistin, chemerin, bax and bcl2 in the heart tissue of diabetic Wistar rats.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226556_377ed6e10b85434a15b19fbebd867071.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Designing a professional ethics implementation model of women teachers in student sports Designing a professional ethics implementation model of women teachers in student sports 127 144 224636 10.22034/spmi.2025.478978.2656 FA Azadeh Dehghan Neiri PhD Student in Sports Management, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad , Iran , Shahriar Khorazian Assistant professor, , School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, mashhad, Iran Vahid Saatchian Assistant professor, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences. Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-0265-4473 Sanaz Soroori دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-1927-2263 Journal Article 2024 09 16 The purpose of the current research was to design a model for implementing professional ethics women in student sports. This research was an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its descriptive nature and the type of data used, it is a mixed research that was conducted in two stages. First, the factors affecting the implementation of professional ethics with an emphasis on the individual and social responsibility of women in student sports were identified through interviews and the grounded theory of the Glaser approach, and in the second stage, the influential and affected factors were identified and these factors were prioritized. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of experts in the women's sports community, managers and vice-presidents of student sports, experts, and female professors active in the student field (n=15) and in the quantitative section, 13 people responded to the Demitel Fuzzy Questionnaire. : Coding findings indicated the identification of 47 open codes in the form of 10 concepts. Also, the findings of the fuzzy DeMitel test showed that 5 components of management, science and expertise, social, cultural and role modeling as influential indicators and 5 components of mutual trust, meritocracy, communication, justice-oriented and team synergy as influential indicators play a role in implementing professional ethics with an emphasis on women's responsibility in student sports. As a result, it can be noted that the implementation of professional ethics with an emphasis on women's responsibility in student sports depends on several factors, each of which alone can be a facilitator, and even the absence of some factors will be a deterrent. The purpose of the current research was to design a model for implementing professional ethics women in student sports. This research was an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its descriptive nature and the type of data used, it is a mixed research that was conducted in two stages. First, the factors affecting the implementation of professional ethics with an emphasis on the individual and social responsibility of women in student sports were identified through interviews and the grounded theory of the Glaser approach, and in the second stage, the influential and affected factors were identified and these factors were prioritized. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of experts in the women's sports community, managers and vice-presidents of student sports, experts, and female professors active in the student field (n=15) and in the quantitative section, 13 people responded to the Demitel Fuzzy Questionnaire. : Coding findings indicated the identification of 47 open codes in the form of 10 concepts. Also, the findings of the fuzzy DeMitel test showed that 5 components of management, science and expertise, social, cultural and role modeling as influential indicators and 5 components of mutual trust, meritocracy, communication, justice-oriented and team synergy as influential indicators play a role in implementing professional ethics with an emphasis on women's responsibility in student sports. As a result, it can be noted that the implementation of professional ethics with an emphasis on women's responsibility in student sports depends on several factors, each of which alone can be a facilitator, and even the absence of some factors will be a deterrent.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_224636_9f6e4c8d66d1cc6a9615e6c708f59a45.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 The effect of a period of resistance and aerobic training on serum levels of amyloid A protein, IL-10 and fasting glucose in men with abdominal obesity The effect of a period of resistance and aerobic training on serum levels of amyloid A protein, IL-10 and fasting glucose in men with abdominal obesity 145 162 234917 10.22034/spmi.2025.539110.2773 FA Hasan AliAbo Hunayk Alkhafif Master's student in sports physiology and health, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran 0009-0000-0551-8771 Mohammad Javad Pourvaghar Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of kashan, kashan 0000-0003-0359-525X Mohammad Ebrahim Bahram Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan 0000-0001-8933-3589 Journal Article 2025 08 04 آمیلوئید A و IL-10 در تعدیل التهاب سیستمیک و موضعی و جلوگیری از تشدید پاسخهای پیش‌التهابی نقش مهمی دارند. هدف از تحقیق حاضر مطالعه اثر یک دوره تمرین مقاومتی و هوازی بر سطوح سرمی پروتئین آمیلوئید A، IL-10 و گلوکز ناشتا در مردان مبتلا به چاقی شکمی بود. در یک مطالعه نیمه‌تجربی، 24 نفر از مردان میانسال دارای چاقی شکمی شرکت داشتند که به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل (12 نفر)، تقسیم شدند. برنامه تمرین مقاومتی و هوازی به مدت 12 هفته و سه روز در هفته به ترتیب با شدت 55 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه و 50 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب شروع و هر دوهفته، 5 درصد افزایش داشت. قبل و بعد از تمرین متغیرهای تحقیق اندازه‌گیری شد. از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس و t زوجی در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0>P استفاده شد. نتایج بین‌گروهی تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد مقادیر آمیلوئید A (001/0=P، 14/488=F)، گلوکز (001/0=P، 65/0=F)، انسولین (001/0=P، 215=F) و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=P، 28/153=F)، در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معنی‌دار و سطوح IL-10 افرایش معنی‌داری (001/0=P، 42/36=F)، داشت. نتایج t زوجی نیز افزایش معنی‌دار IL-10 (002/0=P، 87/14 درصد)، و کاهش معنی‌دار آمیلوئید A (001/0=P، 44/8-درصد)، گلوکز (001/0=P، 7/16- درصد)، انسولین (001/0=P، 4/18- درصد) و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=P، 01/31- درصد) در پاسخ به تمرین را نشان داد. احتمالاً تمرینات ترکیبی با بهبود حساسیت به انسولین و عوامل ترکیب بدنی بر سطوح سرمی آمیلوئید A و IL-10 در افراد مبتلا به چاقی شکمی تاثیر می‌گذارد. آمیلوئید A و IL-10 در تعدیل التهاب سیستمیک و موضعی و جلوگیری از تشدید پاسخهای پیش‌التهابی نقش مهمی دارند. هدف از تحقیق حاضر مطالعه اثر یک دوره تمرین مقاومتی و هوازی بر سطوح سرمی پروتئین آمیلوئید A، IL-10 و گلوکز ناشتا در مردان مبتلا به چاقی شکمی بود. در یک مطالعه نیمه‌تجربی، 24 نفر از مردان میانسال دارای چاقی شکمی شرکت داشتند که به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل (12 نفر)، تقسیم شدند. برنامه تمرین مقاومتی و هوازی به مدت 12 هفته و سه روز در هفته به ترتیب با شدت 55 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه و 50 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب شروع و هر دوهفته، 5 درصد افزایش داشت. قبل و بعد از تمرین متغیرهای تحقیق اندازه‌گیری شد. از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس و t زوجی در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0>P استفاده شد. نتایج بین‌گروهی تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد مقادیر آمیلوئید A (001/0=P، 14/488=F)، گلوکز (001/0=P، 65/0=F)، انسولین (001/0=P، 215=F) و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=P، 28/153=F)، در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معنی‌دار و سطوح IL-10 افرایش معنی‌داری (001/0=P، 42/36=F)، داشت. نتایج t زوجی نیز افزایش معنی‌دار IL-10 (002/0=P، 87/14 درصد)، و کاهش معنی‌دار آمیلوئید A (001/0=P، 44/8-درصد)، گلوکز (001/0=P، 7/16- درصد)، انسولین (001/0=P، 4/18- درصد) و مقاومت به انسولین (001/0=P، 01/31- درصد) در پاسخ به تمرین را نشان داد. احتمالاً تمرینات ترکیبی با بهبود حساسیت به انسولین و عوامل ترکیب بدنی بر سطوح سرمی آمیلوئید A و IL-10 در افراد مبتلا به چاقی شکمی تاثیر می‌گذارد.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_234917_e0c2bf5d8f054635ce3f0e26179b5005.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Modeling the Functions of Artificial Intelligence in Sports Startups in Iran Modeling the Functions of Artificial Intelligence in Sports Startups in Iran 163 182 224818 10.22034/spmi.2025.494089.2690 FA Hamid Rashki Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Javad Gholamian sport management department, sport science faculty, ferdowsi university of mashhad, ,mashhad, iran 0000-0002-4572-4585 Kazem Cheragh Birjandi Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0000-0002-0668-2511 Mohamad Keshtidar Professor, Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-1705-4940 Journal Article 2024 12 15 The aim of the present study was to model the functions of artificial intelligence in Iranian sports startups. This study was applied in terms of its purpose and mixed in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population in the qualitative section included sports science professors, marketing and branding specialists, sports entrepreneurs, sports company owners, and artificial intelligence specialists, who were interviewed using purposive sampling. Also, the research questionnaire was completed by 205 people from the statistical population. The data analysis method in the qualitative section was content analysis, and in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling using SmartPLS version 3 software. In order to confirm the face validity of the content, the questionnaire was first approved by 9 experts, and the divergent and convergent validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by the Fornell-Larker criterion and the square of the extracted variance. The research findings showed the functions of artificial intelligence in 3 main themes of content, management and analytical functions in the form of 9 sub-themes and 51 open codes, also the findings of structural equation modeling indicated the favorable fit of the qualitative research model. In a general conclusion, it should be noted that the category of artificial intelligence is very helpful considering the nature of start-up companies that seek quick profitability, and despite its many benefits, the function of artificial intelligence technology must be properly trained by specialists and experts so that entrepreneurs and people who own sports businesses can use it in the best way. The aim of the present study was to model the functions of artificial intelligence in Iranian sports startups. This study was applied in terms of its purpose and mixed in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population in the qualitative section included sports science professors, marketing and branding specialists, sports entrepreneurs, sports company owners, and artificial intelligence specialists, who were interviewed using purposive sampling. Also, the research questionnaire was completed by 205 people from the statistical population. The data analysis method in the qualitative section was content analysis, and in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling using SmartPLS version 3 software. In order to confirm the face validity of the content, the questionnaire was first approved by 9 experts, and the divergent and convergent validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by the Fornell-Larker criterion and the square of the extracted variance. The research findings showed the functions of artificial intelligence in 3 main themes of content, management and analytical functions in the form of 9 sub-themes and 51 open codes, also the findings of structural equation modeling indicated the favorable fit of the qualitative research model. In a general conclusion, it should be noted that the category of artificial intelligence is very helpful considering the nature of start-up companies that seek quick profitability, and despite its many benefits, the function of artificial intelligence technology must be properly trained by specialists and experts so that entrepreneurs and people who own sports businesses can use it in the best way.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_224818_ca38c74519fd366ae9cfec1ac4e0a7d8.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Investigating and comparing the strength and activity of lower body muscles of active and inactive multiple sclerosis patients during walking activity Investigating and comparing the strength and activity of lower body muscles of active and inactive multiple sclerosis patients during walking activity 183 197 235174 10.22034/spmi.2025.527353.2759 FA Seyed Amirhossein Hosseini Athar Masters in Sports Physiology,Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran Ziya Fallah Mohammadi Department of Sports Physiology,, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran (corresponding author) Vahid Talebi Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran, 0000-0001-5652-9358 Journal Article 2025 05 31 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, chronic, autoimmune, and often disabling disease of the central nervous system with no cure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the strength and activity of the lower body muscles of active and inactive multiple sclerosis patients during walking activity. In this study, 35 people with MS from Mazandaran province participated voluntarily and were divided into two groups based on the level of physical activity: active MS (20 people) and inactive MS (15 people). Maximum quadriceps muscle strength was assessed using the Brzeski formula, and muscle activity and co-contraction of the lower limb muscles were assessed by recording electromyographic signals. Data were analyzed using t-test and SPSS software version 22 at a significance level of 0.05. This research showed that there was a significant difference between the strength and electrical activity of the muscles of the active and inactive groups of MS (P>0.001). So that the mean electrical activity of the muscles (P=0.001), the maximum electrical activity of the muscles (P=0.001) was lower in the active MS group, but the muscle strength (P=0.001) in the active MS group was higher than it was more in the inactive MS group. On the other hand, co-contraction in the active MS group was not different from the inactive MS group (P<0.05). Long-term exercise has a positive effect on muscle strength and reduces the need to send electrical signals in active patients. Also, changes in activity intensity can affect the need for electrical activity, and future studies can further investigate this hypothesis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, chronic, autoimmune, and often disabling disease of the central nervous system with no cure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the strength and activity of the lower body muscles of active and inactive multiple sclerosis patients during walking activity. In this study, 35 people with MS from Mazandaran province participated voluntarily and were divided into two groups based on the level of physical activity: active MS (20 people) and inactive MS (15 people). Maximum quadriceps muscle strength was assessed using the Brzeski formula, and muscle activity and co-contraction of the lower limb muscles were assessed by recording electromyographic signals. Data were analyzed using t-test and SPSS software version 22 at a significance level of 0.05. This research showed that there was a significant difference between the strength and electrical activity of the muscles of the active and inactive groups of MS (P>0.001). So that the mean electrical activity of the muscles (P=0.001), the maximum electrical activity of the muscles (P=0.001) was lower in the active MS group, but the muscle strength (P=0.001) in the active MS group was higher than it was more in the inactive MS group. On the other hand, co-contraction in the active MS group was not different from the inactive MS group (P<0.05). Long-term exercise has a positive effect on muscle strength and reduces the need to send electrical signals in active patients. Also, changes in activity intensity can affect the need for electrical activity, and future studies can further investigate this hypothesis.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_235174_7f382eb93b02fd4fd90c549cd2ab9982.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 3 2025 11 22 Explaining the Practical Pattern of Competencies of Physical Education Teachers in Iran Explaining the Practical Pattern of Competencies of Physical Education Teachers in Iran 199 217 216291 10.22034/spmi.2025.489120.2683 FA Mastoore Hoveydafard Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Accounting and Management, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran Peymanizad Hossein Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Accounting and Management, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-6317-8522 Mohammadreza Esmaeilzadeh Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Accounting and Management, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-1575-7466 Journal Article 2024 11 16 This study aimed to explaing the practical pattern of competencies of physical education teachers in Iran. This applied research was a qualitative type of research in terms of implementation method. To collect data, 35 human resources experts and physical education experts from the Ministry of Education and university professors were interviewed and then thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, out of a total of 56 basic themes identified, 21 themes constitutes organizational competencies, which itself consists of 2 organizing themes of job competency and executive competency; 12 themes constituents interpersonal competences, which itself consists of 2 organizing themes of communication competence and behavioral competence; and 23 themes constituents individual competences, which itself consists of 4 organizing themes of moral and ideological competence, personality competence, cognitive (psychological) competence and intellectual and value competence. Therefore, according to the findings, it can be concluded that the identification, development and implementation of the standards of physical education teachers' competencies through the human resources management of the Education and Training Organization can give an identity to this job and create a professional culture. This study aimed to explaing the practical pattern of competencies of physical education teachers in Iran. This applied research was a qualitative type of research in terms of implementation method. To collect data, 35 human resources experts and physical education experts from the Ministry of Education and university professors were interviewed and then thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, out of a total of 56 basic themes identified, 21 themes constitutes organizational competencies, which itself consists of 2 organizing themes of job competency and executive competency; 12 themes constituents interpersonal competences, which itself consists of 2 organizing themes of communication competence and behavioral competence; and 23 themes constituents individual competences, which itself consists of 4 organizing themes of moral and ideological competence, personality competence, cognitive (psychological) competence and intellectual and value competence. Therefore, according to the findings, it can be concluded that the identification, development and implementation of the standards of physical education teachers' competencies through the human resources management of the Education and Training Organization can give an identity to this job and create a professional culture.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216291_cf46bf5418b6d62e31b474293a1225f9.pdf