Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Structural equations modeling of using international human resources in Iranian sports Structural equations modeling of using international human resources in Iranian sports 9 29 214122 10.22034/spmi.2025.463004.2615 FA Mohsen Sadeghi PhD in Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0001-7746-9737 Seyedmohammad Kashef Professor of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0003-1944-4464 Mohsen Behnam Assistant Professor of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 15 Despite the very high importance of international human resources in the development of the country's sports, a comprehensive study has not been conducted in the field of using these valuable resources. In the same direction, the present study was conducted with the aim of structural equations modeling of using international human resources in Iranian sports. This research was interpretative, applied, quantitative and survey. The statistical population of the study was representatives of the Islamic Council, presidents of sports federations and clubs in Iran and Spain and international elite athletes of the country that based on the GPower, 242 of them were selected as a statistical sample in a targeted, criteria-oriented way. The tool used to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smartpls3.1.1 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of the research showed that the research model had a good fit and the causal factors had a positive and significant effect on the central phenomenon (p=0.001; t=4.075) and the central phenomenon also had a positive and significant effect on the strategies (p=0.001; t=3.292). Also, contextual factors had a positive (p=0.001; t=2.812) and intervening factors had a negative effect (p=0.001; t=4.040) on the strategies, and finally the strategies also had a positive and significant effect on the consequences (p=0.001; t=23.663). Therefore, it is suggested that administrative and institutional reforms are carried out and human resources with quality and competence are identified and used in appropriate ways. Despite the very high importance of international human resources in the development of the country's sports, a comprehensive study has not been conducted in the field of using these valuable resources. In the same direction, the present study was conducted with the aim of structural equations modeling of using international human resources in Iranian sports. This research was interpretative, applied, quantitative and survey. The statistical population of the study was representatives of the Islamic Council, presidents of sports federations and clubs in Iran and Spain and international elite athletes of the country that based on the GPower, 242 of them were selected as a statistical sample in a targeted, criteria-oriented way. The tool used to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smartpls3.1.1 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of the research showed that the research model had a good fit and the causal factors had a positive and significant effect on the central phenomenon (p=0.001; t=4.075) and the central phenomenon also had a positive and significant effect on the strategies (p=0.001; t=3.292). Also, contextual factors had a positive (p=0.001; t=2.812) and intervening factors had a negative effect (p=0.001; t=4.040) on the strategies, and finally the strategies also had a positive and significant effect on the consequences (p=0.001; t=23.663). Therefore, it is suggested that administrative and institutional reforms are carried out and human resources with quality and competence are identified and used in appropriate ways.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_214122_c7dc1ccd63fec0be9e0afa085cb4d507.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Resistance Training Induces Favorable Homeostasis of Vascular Factors: Simultaneous Reduction of 3-Nitrotyrosine and Serum VEGF-C in Type 2 Diabetes. Resistance Training Induces Favorable Homeostasis of Vascular Factors: Simultaneous Reduction of 3-Nitrotyrosine and Serum VEGF-C in Type 2 Diabetes. 31 44 243973 10.22034/spmi.2026.555296.2805 FA Bagher Shoja Anzabi Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-1852-0448 ًReza Farzizadeh Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-0213-1867 Farnaz Farnaz Sifi Asgshahr Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Sina Siahsuha Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Sayeh Ghasemzadeh Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0009-0007-3851-3740 Journal Article 2025 10 24 Background and Objective: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) and 3-Nitrotyrosine (H-NT3) in middle-aged women with T2DM. Methods: This semi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design and was conducted on 30 middle-aged women with T2DM. Participants were divided into an experimental group (resistance training, $n=15$) and a control group ($n=15$). The experimental group performed resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with an intensity progressively increasing from 40% to 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), following the overload principle. Serum levels of VEGF-C and H-NT3 were measured using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test for comparing adjusted post-test differences, with the significance level set at P<0.05.Findings. Results: showed that eight weeks of resistance training led to a significant decrease in both serum VEGF-C (P<0.05) and H-NT3 (P<0.05) levels in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the implementation of a course of resistance training is an effective intervention for improving vascular health in middle-aged diabetic women by reducing oxidative stress and favorably regulating vascular factors. Background and Objective: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) and 3-Nitrotyrosine (H-NT3) in middle-aged women with T2DM. Methods: This semi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design and was conducted on 30 middle-aged women with T2DM. Participants were divided into an experimental group (resistance training, $n=15$) and a control group ($n=15$). The experimental group performed resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with an intensity progressively increasing from 40% to 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), following the overload principle. Serum levels of VEGF-C and H-NT3 were measured using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test for comparing adjusted post-test differences, with the significance level set at P<0.05.Findings. Results: showed that eight weeks of resistance training led to a significant decrease in both serum VEGF-C (P<0.05) and H-NT3 (P<0.05) levels in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the implementation of a course of resistance training is an effective intervention for improving vascular health in middle-aged diabetic women by reducing oxidative stress and favorably regulating vascular factors.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243973_62035a2e3905ecfd93e7eb38d04d5f7e.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Analysis and comparison of the performance indicators of different fields of the Iranian Paralympic convoy Analysis and comparison of the performance indicators of different fields of the Iranian Paralympic convoy 45 59 243360 10.22034/spmi.2024.396102.2452 FA Mohammad Tabe PhD student in Sports Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Fariba Mohamadian Assistant Professor, Sports Management, Department, Faculty of Management and Accounting,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Zahra Nobakhat Assistant Professor, Sports Management, Department, Faculty of Management and Accounting,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2023 05 23 Abstract Aim: The study at hand was conducted aiming at evaluating the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games which took place from 24 August to 5 September 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. Being among the top-ranked countries in the final standing of the Paralympic Games has always been considered important for all nations that make countries use this peaceful sporting event as a leverage in their international policies. The present research, therefore, has tried to prepare the ground for success and achieving top ranking on the medal tally of the future Paralympic Games by evaluating and analyzing the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games with the aim of qualitative performance of the Iranian delegation to participate in the next periods. The research method employed in this paper is descriptive-analytical and retrospective to investigate the performance of 62 athletes across 10 sport disciplines. Abstract Aim: The study at hand was conducted aiming at evaluating the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games which took place from 24 August to 5 September 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. Being among the top-ranked countries in the final standing of the Paralympic Games has always been considered important for all nations that make countries use this peaceful sporting event as a leverage in their international policies. The present research, therefore, has tried to prepare the ground for success and achieving top ranking on the medal tally of the future Paralympic Games by evaluating and analyzing the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games with the aim of qualitative performance of the Iranian delegation to participate in the next periods. The research method employed in this paper is descriptive-analytical and retrospective to investigate the performance of 62 athletes across 10 sport disciplines.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243360_07af5e6f1c8be5c80370f3f01e5a4bad.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 The Effect of 4 Weeks of Traditional Resistance Training and Rest-Pause Training Combined with Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Myogenic Markers in Untrained Young Men The Effect of 4 Weeks of Traditional Resistance Training and Rest-Pause Training Combined with Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Myogenic Markers in Untrained Young Men 61 80 243947 10.22034/spmi.2026.556822.2808 FA Hamid Younesi M.Sc., Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran 0009-0001-3587-7035 Shadmehr Mirdar Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran 0000-0003-3075-1529 Sina Rezaeian M.Sc., Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0008-7473-7036 Zarbakht Ansari Professor, Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran Journal Article 2025 12 07 Abstract This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effect of four weeks of Traditional Resistance Training (TRT) and Rest–Pause (RP) training, both alone and in combination with Cold Water Immersion (CWI) after exercise, on the expression of key genes mTOR (anabolic pathway) and VEGF and HIF-1 (angiogenic markers) in the muscles of non-athlete young men. 20 non-athlete young men (17 to 25 years old) were randomly divided into five groups in a quasi-experimental study. The resistance protocols included three main lower-body exercises (leg press, leg curl, and leg extension) at an intensity of 70 to 80 of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 4 weeks. CWI was performed intermittently (4 minutes in 3 cycles). The expression of mTOR, VEGF and HIF-1 genes was measured using the Real-Time PCR technique from blood samples taken before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD post-hoc tests at a significance level of p ≥ 0.05. The results showed that the combination of traditional resistance training with CWI was the most effective protocol, leading to a significant increase in the expression of all three genes: mTOR (P=0.001 relative to control), VEGF (P=0.0001 relative to control), and HIF-1 (P=0.019 relative to control) compared to other training groups. In contrast, the rest-pause protocol (alone or with CWI) failed to significantly increase mTOR gene expression. Contrary to common expectations regarding the attenuation of anabolic signaling in cold conditions, the combination of Traditional Resistance Training and Cold-Water Immersion induced a synergistic molecular response in non-athlete men, optimally stimulating both the hypertrophy and angiogenesis pathways simultaneously, a response that was superior to the intense Rest–Pause protocol. It seems this method can be considered in the design of initial training programs for the non-athlete population to enhance muscular and vascular adaptations. Abstract This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effect of four weeks of Traditional Resistance Training (TRT) and Rest–Pause (RP) training, both alone and in combination with Cold Water Immersion (CWI) after exercise, on the expression of key genes mTOR (anabolic pathway) and VEGF and HIF-1 (angiogenic markers) in the muscles of non-athlete young men. 20 non-athlete young men (17 to 25 years old) were randomly divided into five groups in a quasi-experimental study. The resistance protocols included three main lower-body exercises (leg press, leg curl, and leg extension) at an intensity of 70 to 80 of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 4 weeks. CWI was performed intermittently (4 minutes in 3 cycles). The expression of mTOR, VEGF and HIF-1 genes was measured using the Real-Time PCR technique from blood samples taken before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD post-hoc tests at a significance level of p ≥ 0.05. The results showed that the combination of traditional resistance training with CWI was the most effective protocol, leading to a significant increase in the expression of all three genes: mTOR (P=0.001 relative to control), VEGF (P=0.0001 relative to control), and HIF-1 (P=0.019 relative to control) compared to other training groups. In contrast, the rest-pause protocol (alone or with CWI) failed to significantly increase mTOR gene expression. Contrary to common expectations regarding the attenuation of anabolic signaling in cold conditions, the combination of Traditional Resistance Training and Cold-Water Immersion induced a synergistic molecular response in non-athlete men, optimally stimulating both the hypertrophy and angiogenesis pathways simultaneously, a response that was superior to the intense Rest–Pause protocol. It seems this method can be considered in the design of initial training programs for the non-athlete population to enhance muscular and vascular adaptations.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243947_d1191a282bae3a32e24a17a80f30a671.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Investigating the Role of Sports Facilities and Physical Education Teacher Knowledge in Promoting Motor Literacy Among Female Students Investigating the Role of Sports Facilities and Physical Education Teacher Knowledge in Promoting Motor Literacy Among Female Students 81 104 226781 10.22034/spmi.2025.526110.2757 FA Sahar Khosravi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, ET.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mehran Ahadi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4331-2173 Behzad Divkan Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, ET.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 25 This research aimed to investigate the role of sports facilities and physical education teacher knowledge in promoting motor literacy among female students. The research adopted a qualitative approach based on the thematic analysis paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in physical education and sports, and then analyzed using Maxqda 2024 software. The results identified 52 open codes, which were categorized into 10 core themes. These themes broadly fell into three main dimensions: "dimensions related to sports facilities," "dimensions related to physical education teacher knowledge," and "dimensions related to students' motor literacy." The thematic content analysis of the interviews revealed 52 initial propositions with a total frequency of 179. Based on the results, the overarching theme of teachers' specialized knowledge had the highest importance coefficient (25). Within the dimension of students' motor literacy, the concept of facilities and their accessibility showed an importance coefficient of 17. Furthermore, regarding the facilities dimension, the concept of components related to officials had the highest importance coefficient (29). This study indicates that strengthening physical education teachers' knowledge and improving sports facilities are key to enhancing female students' motor literacy. It is recommended that teacher training programs focus on modern methods and that increased budgets be allocated for sports infrastructure. This research aimed to investigate the role of sports facilities and physical education teacher knowledge in promoting motor literacy among female students. The research adopted a qualitative approach based on the thematic analysis paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in physical education and sports, and then analyzed using Maxqda 2024 software. The results identified 52 open codes, which were categorized into 10 core themes. These themes broadly fell into three main dimensions: "dimensions related to sports facilities," "dimensions related to physical education teacher knowledge," and "dimensions related to students' motor literacy." The thematic content analysis of the interviews revealed 52 initial propositions with a total frequency of 179. Based on the results, the overarching theme of teachers' specialized knowledge had the highest importance coefficient (25). Within the dimension of students' motor literacy, the concept of facilities and their accessibility showed an importance coefficient of 17. Furthermore, regarding the facilities dimension, the concept of components related to officials had the highest importance coefficient (29). This study indicates that strengthening physical education teachers' knowledge and improving sports facilities are key to enhancing female students' motor literacy. It is recommended that teacher training programs focus on modern methods and that increased budgets be allocated for sports infrastructure.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226781_755c194c529da567e21671b42ede2f56.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Designing a strategic plan for optimal management of elderly sports in Iran using the Metaswot technique Designing a strategic plan for optimal management of elderly sports in Iran using the Metaswot technique 105 124 232457 10.22034/spmi.2025.534483.2764 FA Mohaddse Haddad Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, M.a.C, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Zahra Sadat Mirzazadeh Faculty Member, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-4321-5151 Amir Moghaddam Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ma.c, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Mahdi Talebpour Faculty Member, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-2865-5837 Journal Article 2025 07 14 Background and Purpose: The aim of the current research was to design a strategic plan for optimal management of elderly sports in Iran using the Metaswat technique. The research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Methods : In the qualitative part of the research, the study focused on identifying the goals, resources, capabilities, and environmental factors that influence the development of sports for the elderly. This was achieved through comprehensive library studies, which provided foundational knowledge and context. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten experts, including physical training managers, public sports managers, and professors of sports sciences. Their expertise and insights were instrumental in gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in promoting sports among the elderly population. Results : The findings of the Metaswat planning model revealed that Iran holds a competitive advantage over its neighboring countries in promoting an active lifestyle and fostering social and psychological acceptance of sports for the elderly. Key insights from the study highlighted several strengths: the country possesses valuable and inimitable strengths in the effectiveness of its executive bodies and the methods of sports management. Additionally, the legal environment and governance surrounding sports were identified as urgent areas requiring attention. The development of public sports across various societal strata emerged as the most significant resource, complemented by the availability of free sports facilities and recreational environments tailored for the elderly population. These factors collectively underscore the potential for enhancing elderly sports in Iran. Conclusion : The study suggests that Iran possesses valuable, inimitable resources and capabilities for enhancing elderly sports, highlighting the need for strategic planning and management to leverage these advantages. Background and Purpose: The aim of the current research was to design a strategic plan for optimal management of elderly sports in Iran using the Metaswat technique. The research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Methods : In the qualitative part of the research, the study focused on identifying the goals, resources, capabilities, and environmental factors that influence the development of sports for the elderly. This was achieved through comprehensive library studies, which provided foundational knowledge and context. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten experts, including physical training managers, public sports managers, and professors of sports sciences. Their expertise and insights were instrumental in gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in promoting sports among the elderly population. Results : The findings of the Metaswat planning model revealed that Iran holds a competitive advantage over its neighboring countries in promoting an active lifestyle and fostering social and psychological acceptance of sports for the elderly. Key insights from the study highlighted several strengths: the country possesses valuable and inimitable strengths in the effectiveness of its executive bodies and the methods of sports management. Additionally, the legal environment and governance surrounding sports were identified as urgent areas requiring attention. The development of public sports across various societal strata emerged as the most significant resource, complemented by the availability of free sports facilities and recreational environments tailored for the elderly population. These factors collectively underscore the potential for enhancing elderly sports in Iran. Conclusion : The study suggests that Iran possesses valuable, inimitable resources and capabilities for enhancing elderly sports, highlighting the need for strategic planning and management to leverage these advantages.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_232457_a07ba9c1dcd19e02d382aaf90245d111.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Emerging markets and Stagnant markets for sports businesses in times of COVID-19 crisis Emerging markets and Stagnant markets for sports businesses in times of COVID-19 crisis 125 147 212841 10.22034/spmi.2024.434957.2556 FA Hamidreza Ghezelsefloo Associate Professor of Sports Management, Department of Humanities science and Physical Education of Gonbad Kavos University, Gonbad Kavos, Iran Taghi Ashuri PhD in Sports Management. Department of physical education and sport science of Mazandaran university, Babolsar, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 13 The purpose of this research was to identify and explain entrepreneurial opportunities in emerging markets and declining markets of sports businesses during the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase of the research, 12 sports business owners and university professors of sports marketing management participated in Delphi interviews until reaching theoretical saturation, and in the quantitative phase of the research, 384 people from sports business owners participated in the purposeful sampling method. . The questionnaire tool was extracted from the qualitative phase of the research, which was used to determine the importance of each market opportunity. The validity of the tool was confirmed by Delphi group members and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data analysis was done based on the confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equation modeling using the partial least squares method with "Smart PLS(3)" and "SPSS" statistical software. The results of the path analysis showed that the importance of the dimensions of emerging markets, respectively: including 1. new business activities, 2. fitness services consulting, 3. sports entertainment, 4. new sports medicine, 5. virtual training and 6. sports goods; And the dimensions of the stagnant markets: 1. sports media, 2. sports clubs, 3. live sports events, 4. sports tourism, 5. traditional business activities, 6. traditional sports medicine. Therefore, sports business owners and club managers are suggested to use the opportunities identified in this research to create conditions for survival and competitive advantage for their businesses. The purpose of this research was to identify and explain entrepreneurial opportunities in emerging markets and declining markets of sports businesses during the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase of the research, 12 sports business owners and university professors of sports marketing management participated in Delphi interviews until reaching theoretical saturation, and in the quantitative phase of the research, 384 people from sports business owners participated in the purposeful sampling method. . The questionnaire tool was extracted from the qualitative phase of the research, which was used to determine the importance of each market opportunity. The validity of the tool was confirmed by Delphi group members and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data analysis was done based on the confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equation modeling using the partial least squares method with "Smart PLS(3)" and "SPSS" statistical software. The results of the path analysis showed that the importance of the dimensions of emerging markets, respectively: including 1. new business activities, 2. fitness services consulting, 3. sports entertainment, 4. new sports medicine, 5. virtual training and 6. sports goods; And the dimensions of the stagnant markets: 1. sports media, 2. sports clubs, 3. live sports events, 4. sports tourism, 5. traditional business activities, 6. traditional sports medicine. Therefore, sports business owners and club managers are suggested to use the opportunities identified in this research to create conditions for survival and competitive advantage for their businesses.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_212841_bb1e41339e67312bdd6192f6a89aa27b.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 The Effect of Twelve Weeks of Multicomponent Exercise Training (Resistance, Aerobic, and Balance) on Lipid Profile and Glucose Levels in Older Men The Effect of Twelve Weeks of Multicomponent Exercise Training (Resistance, Aerobic, and Balance) on Lipid Profile and Glucose Levels in Older Men 149 168 243974 10.22034/spmi.2026.558765.2816 FA Zahra Samari Ebrahimzadeh Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 0000-0002-0163-0624 Akbar Azamian Jazi Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 0000-0003-3672-4927 Mohsen Akbarpour Beni Department of Sport Sciences, Qom University, Qom, Iran 0000-0002-3565-4851 Journal Article 2025 11 10 Given the importance of controlling risk factors in older adults—such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes—the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training on the lipid profile and glucose levels of older men. This study examines the impact of a 12-week multicomponent exercise program (aerobic, resistance, and balance) on the lipid profile and glucose levels of 36 older men (age: 66.88 ± 3.96 yrs; height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m; weight: 69.15 ± 2.15 kg; body mass index: 23.95 ± 0.45 kg/m ²). The research employed a randomized, two-group, quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. The statistical population consisted of older men from the city of Qom, and the samples were divided into a multicomponent training group (n = 18) and a control group (n = 18). Each training session comprised a 10-min warm-up, a main workout phase (incorporating resistance, aerobic, and balance exercises), and a 5-min cool-down. The variables of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and glucose were measured at both the pre-test and post-test stages. Between-group comparisons were conducted using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22 at a significance level of p < 0.05. The results demonstrated that multicomponent training led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.001), and glucose (p < 0.01), alongside a significant increase in HDL (p < 0.001). The findings of this study indicate that multicomponent exercise training has positive effects on the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in older men. Given the importance of controlling risk factors in older adults—such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes—the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training on the lipid profile and glucose levels of older men. This study examines the impact of a 12-week multicomponent exercise program (aerobic, resistance, and balance) on the lipid profile and glucose levels of 36 older men (age: 66.88 ± 3.96 yrs; height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m; weight: 69.15 ± 2.15 kg; body mass index: 23.95 ± 0.45 kg/m ²). The research employed a randomized, two-group, quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. The statistical population consisted of older men from the city of Qom, and the samples were divided into a multicomponent training group (n = 18) and a control group (n = 18). Each training session comprised a 10-min warm-up, a main workout phase (incorporating resistance, aerobic, and balance exercises), and a 5-min cool-down. The variables of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and glucose were measured at both the pre-test and post-test stages. Between-group comparisons were conducted using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22 at a significance level of p < 0.05. The results demonstrated that multicomponent training led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.001), and glucose (p < 0.01), alongside a significant increase in HDL (p < 0.001). The findings of this study indicate that multicomponent exercise training has positive effects on the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in older men.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243974_8bd01ecb8cdc553c3498ca3cb6dbcf82.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Ranking of factors affecting the brand identity of Iranian karate sports Ranking of factors affecting the brand identity of Iranian karate sports 169 183 221403 10.22034/spmi.2025.486350.2675 FA Mohammad Ali Bakhshi Ph.D. student of sports management, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. 0009-0006-8756-9866 Mohammad Keshtidar Professor of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 0000-0002-1705-4940 Kazem CheraghBirjandi, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Birjand Branch, Birjand Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0000-0002-0668-2511 Hossein Peymanizad Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-6317-8522 Journal Article 2024 11 21 The aim of the current research was to stratify the influencing factors on the brand identity of karate sport in Iran. In this research, using a researcher-made questionnaire, modeling of factors affecting the brand identity of karate sports in Iran was done. The statistical population of this research is senior sports managers, university professors with expertise in marketing, brand and sports management, as well as scientific and practical expertise of these people in the field of karate, coaches, veterans, referees, club managers and athletes in the field of karate (at least 5 years in the field are scientific and have a national medal in the field of karate) at the national level; 12 people answered the ISEM questionnaire in the form of snowballs. The research tool was the ISM matrix questionnaire. At the first level (the highest level and the least influence) there is a symbol and identity. In the second normative level, internal branding and technical factors are located, the dimensions in this level affect each other two by two. In the third level, there are three components of visualization, national and international communication and media, and finally, the fourth level and the most important level in terms of the influence of two functional components and human resources. All in all, these stratifications indicate that strengthening the karate brand identity requires a multidimensional approach in which both fundamental and strategic aspects as well as executive and operational factors are developed in parallel to create a lasting and successful brand. The aim of the current research was to stratify the influencing factors on the brand identity of karate sport in Iran. In this research, using a researcher-made questionnaire, modeling of factors affecting the brand identity of karate sports in Iran was done. The statistical population of this research is senior sports managers, university professors with expertise in marketing, brand and sports management, as well as scientific and practical expertise of these people in the field of karate, coaches, veterans, referees, club managers and athletes in the field of karate (at least 5 years in the field are scientific and have a national medal in the field of karate) at the national level; 12 people answered the ISEM questionnaire in the form of snowballs. The research tool was the ISM matrix questionnaire. At the first level (the highest level and the least influence) there is a symbol and identity. In the second normative level, internal branding and technical factors are located, the dimensions in this level affect each other two by two. In the third level, there are three components of visualization, national and international communication and media, and finally, the fourth level and the most important level in terms of the influence of two functional components and human resources. All in all, these stratifications indicate that strengthening the karate brand identity requires a multidimensional approach in which both fundamental and strategic aspects as well as executive and operational factors are developed in parallel to create a lasting and successful brand.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_221403_5c0911ffb92aca4aebe3bba9abc25c87.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 The Effect of a Swimming Exercise Program Combined with a Nutritional Supplement on the Expression of BIP, CHOP, Cox18, Oxa1 Genes and Col3A1 Concentration in Aged Rats with Fatty Liver Disease The Effect of a Swimming Exercise Program Combined with a Nutritional Supplement on the Expression of BIP, CHOP, Cox18, Oxa1 Genes and Col3A1 Concentration in Aged Rats with Fatty Liver Disease 185 204 244724 10.22034/spmi.2026.547551.2786 FA Fatemeh Afshari Department of Exercise Physiology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Fariba Aghaei Department of Exercise Physiology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Alireza Rahimi Department of Exercise Physiology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Fuad Feizolahi Department of Exercise Physiology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-1847-9745 Journal Article 2025 09 16 Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the major public health challenges, with its prevalence increasing with age. Physiological changes associated with aging, such as reduced liver function, elevated oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism, contribute to the development of this disorder. Evidence suggests that regular physical activity and the use of antioxidant supplements can play a significant role in prevention and management of MASLD. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an eight-week moderate-intensity swimming program combined with a silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on the expression of genes related to cellular stress (BIP and CHOP), mitochondrial function (Cox18 and Oxa1), and tissue fibrosis marker (Col3A1) in aged male Wistar rats with MASLD. Twenty-five rats (14–16 months old) were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, diseased control, swimming, supplement, and swimming + supplement. The swimming protocol was performed five sessions per week for eight weeks (30–60 minutes per session, 60–70% of maximal capacity), while the combined supplement (100 mg/kg silymarin and 500 mg/kg vitamin C) was administered daily by gavage. Gene expression was assessed using Real-Time PCR, and Col3A1 concentration was measured by ELISA. Results showed that swimming combined with supplementation significantly reduced BIP and CHOP expression, increased Cox18 and Oxa1 expression, and decreased Col3A1 levels compared to the diseased group. Therefore, the combined intervention of regular exercise and antioxidant supplementation may serve as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to reduce cellular stress, improve mitochondrial function, and prevent hepatic fibrosis during aging. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the major public health challenges, with its prevalence increasing with age. Physiological changes associated with aging, such as reduced liver function, elevated oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism, contribute to the development of this disorder. Evidence suggests that regular physical activity and the use of antioxidant supplements can play a significant role in prevention and management of MASLD. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an eight-week moderate-intensity swimming program combined with a silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on the expression of genes related to cellular stress (BIP and CHOP), mitochondrial function (Cox18 and Oxa1), and tissue fibrosis marker (Col3A1) in aged male Wistar rats with MASLD. Twenty-five rats (14–16 months old) were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, diseased control, swimming, supplement, and swimming + supplement. The swimming protocol was performed five sessions per week for eight weeks (30–60 minutes per session, 60–70% of maximal capacity), while the combined supplement (100 mg/kg silymarin and 500 mg/kg vitamin C) was administered daily by gavage. Gene expression was assessed using Real-Time PCR, and Col3A1 concentration was measured by ELISA. Results showed that swimming combined with supplementation significantly reduced BIP and CHOP expression, increased Cox18 and Oxa1 expression, and decreased Col3A1 levels compared to the diseased group. Therefore, the combined intervention of regular exercise and antioxidant supplementation may serve as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to reduce cellular stress, improve mitochondrial function, and prevent hepatic fibrosis during aging.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244724_3257a9f80104fd069dc7821c5e39dc70.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Knowing the influential dimensions of planning the culture of using bicycles with an emphasis on the development of urban sports Knowing the influential dimensions of planning the culture of using bicycles with an emphasis on the development of urban sports 205 228 244731 10.22034/spmi.2024.421145.2538 FA Zohreh Moradi Master of Sports Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Habib Honari Sports Management Department, Allameh Tabataba'i University. Tehran. Iran 0000-0002-1279-427X Ali Khazaei PhD Candidate in Sports Management. Allameh Tabataba'i University. Tehran. Iran 0000-0002-3551-9537 Journal Article 2023 12 25 The purpose of the current research was to explore the dimensions affecting the development of urban cycling with an emphasis on culture. The research method used in terms of purpose, application and in terms of qualitative method, in which thematic analysis method was used. The statistical population of the research included municipal managers, university professors, expert experts of the federation and cycling bodies, and athletes of this field. The sampling method was targeted and the research tool was the interview protocol with experts until theoretical saturation was reached (14 interviews). In total, 21 effective factors in the development of urban cycling culture were identified, and these factors were obtained in the sub-form of 6 main categories. These categories include: development of health index, social, civil infrastructure, managerial, cultural, environmental development. According to the results of the research, the development of urban cycling requires the strengthening of the most important indicators such as cultural, managerial, civil infrastructure, social, health, in the planning and politicizing of urban managers in the use of bicycles by citizens in order to promote urban culture and the status of bicycles. It is a city ride. Finally, the development of the mentioned indicators guides the cities in the direction of sustainable urban development, especially sustainable environment and urban health. The purpose of the current research was to explore the dimensions affecting the development of urban cycling with an emphasis on culture. The research method used in terms of purpose, application and in terms of qualitative method, in which thematic analysis method was used. The statistical population of the research included municipal managers, university professors, expert experts of the federation and cycling bodies, and athletes of this field. The sampling method was targeted and the research tool was the interview protocol with experts until theoretical saturation was reached (14 interviews). In total, 21 effective factors in the development of urban cycling culture were identified, and these factors were obtained in the sub-form of 6 main categories. These categories include: development of health index, social, civil infrastructure, managerial, cultural, environmental development. According to the results of the research, the development of urban cycling requires the strengthening of the most important indicators such as cultural, managerial, civil infrastructure, social, health, in the planning and politicizing of urban managers in the use of bicycles by citizens in order to promote urban culture and the status of bicycles. It is a city ride. Finally, the development of the mentioned indicators guides the cities in the direction of sustainable urban development, especially sustainable environment and urban health.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244731_a28207bf962e7176841f8b2bf3a156a4.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 17 4 2026 02 20 Investigating the role of sports marketing strategies on the organizational performance of Iraqi Premier League club presidents: the mediating role of competitiveness Investigating the role of sports marketing strategies on the organizational performance of Iraqi Premier League club presidents: the mediating role of competitiveness 229 250 203891 10.22034/spmi.2024.464194.2618 FA Ziyad Albojasim PhD Student in Sports Management, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Vahid Saatchian Assistant professor, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences. Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-0265-4473 Raad Abdolamir Fenjan Associate professor, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences. Babel University, Babel, Iraq Ahmad Mahmoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7579-2274 Journal Article 2024 06 22 This study aimed to investigate the role of sports marketing strategies on organizational performance with the mediating role of competitiveness in the presidents of Iraqi Premier League football clubs. This applied research was descriptive-correlational based on structural equation modeling, the data of which was collected using questionnaires. The participants included all the presidents, executive directors, marketing and communication managers, technical managers, and supervisors of the clubs of the Premier Football League of Iraq, who were selected as samples based on availability, and finally, 151 questionnaires were collected by them. In order to collect data, 3 questionnaires of sports marketing strategies (Almomani et al., 2019), organizational performance (Hersey and Goldsmith, 2003) and competitiveness (Ramazanlou et al., 2022) were used. The results showed there is a positive and significant relationship between sports marketing strategies and all its components with organizational performance (P<0.05) and 82% of changes in organizational performance were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Also, sports marketing strategies and all its components have a positive and significant relationship with competitiveness (P<0.05) and 18% of changes in competitiveness were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Finally, it was found that although competitiveness was able to indirectly mediate the relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.89), but the direct relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.97), was in a very good situation. Therefore, according to the findings, it can be said that the high level of the role of sports marketing strategies in organizations can lead to positive and constructive changes in their organizational performance and competitiveness. This study aimed to investigate the role of sports marketing strategies on organizational performance with the mediating role of competitiveness in the presidents of Iraqi Premier League football clubs. This applied research was descriptive-correlational based on structural equation modeling, the data of which was collected using questionnaires. The participants included all the presidents, executive directors, marketing and communication managers, technical managers, and supervisors of the clubs of the Premier Football League of Iraq, who were selected as samples based on availability, and finally, 151 questionnaires were collected by them. In order to collect data, 3 questionnaires of sports marketing strategies (Almomani et al., 2019), organizational performance (Hersey and Goldsmith, 2003) and competitiveness (Ramazanlou et al., 2022) were used. The results showed there is a positive and significant relationship between sports marketing strategies and all its components with organizational performance (P<0.05) and 82% of changes in organizational performance were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Also, sports marketing strategies and all its components have a positive and significant relationship with competitiveness (P<0.05) and 18% of changes in competitiveness were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Finally, it was found that although competitiveness was able to indirectly mediate the relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.89), but the direct relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.97), was in a very good situation. Therefore, according to the findings, it can be said that the high level of the role of sports marketing strategies in organizations can lead to positive and constructive changes in their organizational performance and competitiveness.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_203891_0d5044ae7561ddbe927e8bbe8d94eebc.pdf