Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 A Survey of the Effect of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program (Concurrent Resistance-Endurance Training) on Homocysteine, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 Changes in Men with Heart Disease A Survey of the Effect of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program (Concurrent Resistance-Endurance Training) on Homocysteine, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 Changes in Men with Heart Disease 9 18 66950 FA Saeed Rostami PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, International Campus of Kish, Iran Abbas Ali Gaeini Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5075-2225 Alireza Zamani MSc, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan Branch, Isfahan, Iran Seyyed Hadi Hosseini Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance-resistance training on serum changes of homocysteine, interleukin-6, and IL-10 in men with heart disease. For this purpose, 38 patients who referred to medical cardiovascular centers of Shahin Shahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. The patients had undergone bypass surgery or angioplasty balloon. Patients filled out a demographic questionnaire and necessary tests were conducted to determine their risk factors. Before and after the training, anthropometric indexes (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and subcutaneous fat in three regions) were measured and blood tests for IL-6, IL-10, homocysteine and walk test for 6 min. (to determine physical capacity) were carried out. The training protocol lasted 24 sessions, 3 days a week, one hour each session. Results showed that the rehabilitation program significantly reduced homocysteine and inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the present study showed that a rehabilitation program with concurrent resistance-endurance training can be a suitable method to improve functional capacity in patients with heart disease given the specific effect of each type of training. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance-resistance training on serum changes of homocysteine, interleukin-6, and IL-10 in men with heart disease. For this purpose, 38 patients who referred to medical cardiovascular centers of Shahin Shahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. The patients had undergone bypass surgery or angioplasty balloon. Patients filled out a demographic questionnaire and necessary tests were conducted to determine their risk factors. Before and after the training, anthropometric indexes (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and subcutaneous fat in three regions) were measured and blood tests for IL-6, IL-10, homocysteine and walk test for 6 min. (to determine physical capacity) were carried out. The training protocol lasted 24 sessions, 3 days a week, one hour each session. Results showed that the rehabilitation program significantly reduced homocysteine and inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the present study showed that a rehabilitation program with concurrent resistance-endurance training can be a suitable method to improve functional capacity in patients with heart disease given the specific effect of each type of training.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66950_b4c8d24bcbd99547805011deb9b06876.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 The Relationship between Coaching Competency and Athletes’ Satisfaction The Relationship between Coaching Competency and Athletes’ Satisfaction 19 31 66951 FA Reza Andam Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education, Industrial University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Soheila Rouhparvar MSc Student of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, Industrial University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationshipbetweencoaching competency and satisfactionof volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. The method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population comprised of volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. Due to a limitation in population, the statistical sample was equal to statistical population (n=N). So, 153 subjects (48 judo players and 105 volleyball players) completed a demographic questionnaire, Athletes’ Perceptions of Coaching Competency (APCC II–HST) of Myers et al. (2010) and Athlete Satisfaction of Riemer & Chelladurai (1998) questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by constructive comments of sport management professors, coaches and players and their reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.954 and 0.953 respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test (K–S test), Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariable regression and independent t test) (α≤0.05). The results of this study indicated that coaching competency correlated with athlete satisfaction positively and significantly (r=0.710, P=0.001). Also, coaching competency predicted athlete satisfaction and there was a significant difference in coaching competency by type of sport field. These results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to athletes’ perceptions and evaluations in coaches' training programs especially in individual sports and highlight the importance of selecting competent coaches for more athletes’ satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationshipbetweencoaching competency and satisfactionof volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. The method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population comprised of volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. Due to a limitation in population, the statistical sample was equal to statistical population (n=N). So, 153 subjects (48 judo players and 105 volleyball players) completed a demographic questionnaire, Athletes’ Perceptions of Coaching Competency (APCC II–HST) of Myers et al. (2010) and Athlete Satisfaction of Riemer & Chelladurai (1998) questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by constructive comments of sport management professors, coaches and players and their reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.954 and 0.953 respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test (K–S test), Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariable regression and independent t test) (α≤0.05). The results of this study indicated that coaching competency correlated with athlete satisfaction positively and significantly (r=0.710, P=0.001). Also, coaching competency predicted athlete satisfaction and there was a significant difference in coaching competency by type of sport field. These results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to athletes’ perceptions and evaluations in coaches' training programs especially in individual sports and highlight the importance of selecting competent coaches for more athletes’ satisfaction.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66951_fb5f2e0319fe2862c71e9be2da580d74.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 The Effect of Peppermint Essence Inhalation on Respiratory Capacities and Aerobic Performance of Basketball Players The Effect of Peppermint Essence Inhalation on Respiratory Capacities and Aerobic Performance of Basketball Players 33 44 66952 FA Hajar Rabiee MSc of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Mohamad Faramarzi Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Ebrahim Banitalebi Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Saba Nuri MSc of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhaling peppermint essence on respiratory capacity and aerobic performance in female basketball players. The participants were 12 female basketball players (mean age 22. 5 yr) who were tested based on cross-sectional design in two phases of placebo and peppermint essence intervention. After 30 minutes of inhalation in placebo phase, the first respiratory capacity test was conducted. YIRT2 test was performed and then the second respiratory capacity test was carried out. After one week, all of the above steps were repeated with a replacement of peppermint essential instead of placebo. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV) and FVC/FEV ratio were measured by a spirometer. SPSS software was used to analyze data. The results showed that peppermint essential inhalation increased respiratory capacity and aerobic performance, but no statistical significant changes were observed which may be due to factors such as the intensity and duration of exercise or the amount of the essence inhaled in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhaling peppermint essence on respiratory capacity and aerobic performance in female basketball players. The participants were 12 female basketball players (mean age 22. 5 yr) who were tested based on cross-sectional design in two phases of placebo and peppermint essence intervention. After 30 minutes of inhalation in placebo phase, the first respiratory capacity test was conducted. YIRT2 test was performed and then the second respiratory capacity test was carried out. After one week, all of the above steps were repeated with a replacement of peppermint essential instead of placebo. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV) and FVC/FEV ratio were measured by a spirometer. SPSS software was used to analyze data. The results showed that peppermint essential inhalation increased respiratory capacity and aerobic performance, but no statistical significant changes were observed which may be due to factors such as the intensity and duration of exercise or the amount of the essence inhaled in this study.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66952_913034dd0b1b8c3d5bcccbac38d13b9a.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 A Comparative Analysis of the National Pride of Citizens before and after the Success of Iran National Football Team in Advancing to 2014 World Cup A Comparative Analysis of the National Pride of Citizens before and after the Success of Iran National Football Team in Advancing to 2014 World Cup 45 55 66953 FA Sirous Ahmadi Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Mohammad Reza Firouzi Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Saeed Navaei MSc Student of Demographics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 Sport successes and failures in international competitions affect national pride of citizens but this relationship has been scientifically studied to a lesser extent. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of success of Iran national football team in advancing to World Cup on national pride of citizens. Research method was longitudinal survey conducted in two stages. The population consisted of citizens aged between 18 and 60 in Yasouj city. 320 subjects were selected as the sample using random multi-stage sampling method. National Pride Questionnaire (ISSP) was used to collect data. Its psychometric properties had been studied in Iran. The results showed that national pride of citizens significantly increased after the success of Iran national football team. This increase was not significant in 'national pride in specific achievement' dimension but it was significant in 'general national pride' dimension. It can be concluded that national pride, as one of the essentials in Iran, can be improved by an investment in sport and planning for Iran national teams' success in important international competitions. Sport successes and failures in international competitions affect national pride of citizens but this relationship has been scientifically studied to a lesser extent. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of success of Iran national football team in advancing to World Cup on national pride of citizens. Research method was longitudinal survey conducted in two stages. The population consisted of citizens aged between 18 and 60 in Yasouj city. 320 subjects were selected as the sample using random multi-stage sampling method. National Pride Questionnaire (ISSP) was used to collect data. Its psychometric properties had been studied in Iran. The results showed that national pride of citizens significantly increased after the success of Iran national football team. This increase was not significant in 'national pride in specific achievement' dimension but it was significant in 'general national pride' dimension. It can be concluded that national pride, as one of the essentials in Iran, can be improved by an investment in sport and planning for Iran national teams' success in important international competitions.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66953_032ebdfbede0a6a1f9b0ca6774ad7a34.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 The Response of Salivary Inflammatory Markers in Men with Different Ages Following Exhaustive Exercise with Arm and Leg Ergometer The Response of Salivary Inflammatory Markers in Men with Different Ages Following Exhaustive Exercise with Arm and Leg Ergometer 57 70 66954 FA Fatemeh Nikzad MSc Student of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran Valiollah Dabidi Roshan Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran 0000-0002-2202-7349 Journal Article 2018 08 10 The aim of this study was to compare the response of some salivary inflammatory markers including interferon gamma (IFN-g) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in men with different ages following an exhaustive exercise with hand and leg ergometer. 36 healthy men in three age groups of children (12.7± 1.7 yr), middle-aged (34.3± 4.9 yr) and elderly (55±2.1 yr) performed two types of leg and arm ergometer protocols to exhaustion. Initial intensity of leg ergometer was 50 watt and arm ergometer was 25 watt. 25 watts were added to both protocols every 2 minutes. Salivary markers were measured before and immediately after both protocols. The data were analyzed by dependent t test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Both protocols significantly increased the values of the IFN-g and IL-6 in all three groups, but no significant differences were observed in the values of these markers in arm and leg exercises among the groups. When groups were compared in arm exercises, the amounts of IFN-g in middle-aged and elderly groups showed a greater increase than children group, but there was no significant difference in values of IL-6 among the groups. Also, while comparing the groups in the leg exercises, no significant differences were observed in levels of IFN-g and IL-6. Given these results, it can be noted that increased salivary cytokines of IL-6 and IFN-g following exhaustive exercise, particularly in the elderly and children groups, may be a defensive mechanism against exercise-induced stress. The aim of this study was to compare the response of some salivary inflammatory markers including interferon gamma (IFN-g) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in men with different ages following an exhaustive exercise with hand and leg ergometer. 36 healthy men in three age groups of children (12.7± 1.7 yr), middle-aged (34.3± 4.9 yr) and elderly (55±2.1 yr) performed two types of leg and arm ergometer protocols to exhaustion. Initial intensity of leg ergometer was 50 watt and arm ergometer was 25 watt. 25 watts were added to both protocols every 2 minutes. Salivary markers were measured before and immediately after both protocols. The data were analyzed by dependent t test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Both protocols significantly increased the values of the IFN-g and IL-6 in all three groups, but no significant differences were observed in the values of these markers in arm and leg exercises among the groups. When groups were compared in arm exercises, the amounts of IFN-g in middle-aged and elderly groups showed a greater increase than children group, but there was no significant difference in values of IL-6 among the groups. Also, while comparing the groups in the leg exercises, no significant differences were observed in levels of IFN-g and IL-6. Given these results, it can be noted that increased salivary cytokines of IL-6 and IFN-g following exhaustive exercise, particularly in the elderly and children groups, may be a defensive mechanism against exercise-induced stress.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66954_e2182fb0c419225b7a8ea9f816370439.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 A Study of Brand Association Model from Viewpoints of Fans of Iran Football Premier League A Study of Brand Association Model from Viewpoints of Fans of Iran Football Premier League 71 83 66955 FA Vajihe Javani Asistant Professor University of Tabrize, Tabrize, Iran 0000-0002-6667-5575 Mohammad Ehsani Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Amiri Associate Professor of Management, Management Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hashem Kouzechian Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 In the marketing of professional sport clubs, loyal fans are a source of income and the main component of success of sport clubs. So, this study aimed at examining brand association model from viewpoints of fans of Iran football premier league (11th league). The study was descriptive – survey and an applied research. The study population consisted of fans of Iran football premier league. 617 fans filled out a brand association questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that three dimensions of brand association influenced fans' brand loyalty; 'attitudes of brand association' was the most effective dimension. 'Benefits' and 'attributes' dimensions were placed in the second and third ranks respectively. In addition, strong interactional effects among the three dimensions of brand association were observed in the obtained model. In the marketing of professional sport clubs, loyal fans are a source of income and the main component of success of sport clubs. So, this study aimed at examining brand association model from viewpoints of fans of Iran football premier league (11th league). The study was descriptive – survey and an applied research. The study population consisted of fans of Iran football premier league. 617 fans filled out a brand association questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that three dimensions of brand association influenced fans' brand loyalty; 'attitudes of brand association' was the most effective dimension. 'Benefits' and 'attributes' dimensions were placed in the second and third ranks respectively. In addition, strong interactional effects among the three dimensions of brand association were observed in the obtained model.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66955_3e9e0f1010418374c3dd9ccf3b0ed27c.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 The Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation with a Period of Selected Aerobic Exercises on Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Inflammatory Marker in Trained Female Students The Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation with a Period of Selected Aerobic Exercises on Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Inflammatory Marker in Trained Female Students 85 93 66956 FA Hengameh Masoodsinaki MSc in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Parvaneh Nazarali Associate Professor in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2415-5579 Kaveh Khbiri Assistant Professor in Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ashtian Branch, Ashtian, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega- 3 supplementation including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) along with a period of selected aerobic activity on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inflammatory marker in trained female students for 6 weeks. For this purpose, 32 female students of physical education in Alzahra University (mean age 22.5+1.2 yr and body mass index 21.59+1.2 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control, supplementation, exercise and supplementation with exercise. PGE2 was measured as the dependent variable at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired t test, one-way ANOVA and Gabriel test. All tests were significant at 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in PGE2 between the control and exercise groups (P=0.035) and between control and supplementation + exercise groups (P=0.0001) while there were no significant differences between control and supplementation groups and between supplementation + exercise and exercise groups. According to these findings, serum level of PGE2 in supplementation, exercise and supplementation + exercise groups (P<0.05) significantly reduced in the intragroup comparison in posttest compared with the pretest. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega- 3 supplementation including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) along with a period of selected aerobic activity on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inflammatory marker in trained female students for 6 weeks. For this purpose, 32 female students of physical education in Alzahra University (mean age 22.5+1.2 yr and body mass index 21.59+1.2 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control, supplementation, exercise and supplementation with exercise. PGE2 was measured as the dependent variable at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired t test, one-way ANOVA and Gabriel test. All tests were significant at 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in PGE2 between the control and exercise groups (P=0.035) and between control and supplementation + exercise groups (P=0.0001) while there were no significant differences between control and supplementation groups and between supplementation + exercise and exercise groups. According to these findings, serum level of PGE2 in supplementation, exercise and supplementation + exercise groups (P<0.05) significantly reduced in the intragroup comparison in posttest compared with the pretest.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66956_a479d8a19df21723f0b27bf9ad7c7646.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 A Survey of the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment Dimensions and Entrepreneurship in Employees of Sport and Youth General Office in Ilam Province A Survey of the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment Dimensions and Entrepreneurship in Employees of Sport and Youth General Office in Ilam Province 95 108 66957 FA Mir Hasan Seyyed Ameri Associate Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Mitra Mohammadi MSc of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Amin Sayyadi PhD Student of Sport Management, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 Today, human resources are the first priority in organizational entrepreneurship throughout the country. This paper studied the relationship between psychological empowerment dimensions (decision making, professional growth, status, autonomy, influence and self-efficacy) and entrepreneurship. This study was descriptive correlation. The population consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth general office in Ilam city in 2013 (N=75) who they were selected by census sampling method. Empowerment Questionnaire of Shert and Reinhardt (1992) with a reliability of 0.86, 6 subscales and 18 items was used to measure empowerment and Aghayee's Questionnaire with 0.96 reliability and 30 items was used to measure organizational entrepreneurship. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between psychological empowerment and demographic factors of employees and their entrepreneurship.The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that self-efficacy variable and status variable had the ability to predict organizational entrepreneurship respectively. Thus, psychological empowerment must be considered as one of the predisposing factors for organizational entrepreneurship. Today, human resources are the first priority in organizational entrepreneurship throughout the country. This paper studied the relationship between psychological empowerment dimensions (decision making, professional growth, status, autonomy, influence and self-efficacy) and entrepreneurship. This study was descriptive correlation. The population consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth general office in Ilam city in 2013 (N=75) who they were selected by census sampling method. Empowerment Questionnaire of Shert and Reinhardt (1992) with a reliability of 0.86, 6 subscales and 18 items was used to measure empowerment and Aghayee's Questionnaire with 0.96 reliability and 30 items was used to measure organizational entrepreneurship. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between psychological empowerment and demographic factors of employees and their entrepreneurship.The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that self-efficacy variable and status variable had the ability to predict organizational entrepreneurship respectively. Thus, psychological empowerment must be considered as one of the predisposing factors for organizational entrepreneurship.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66957_e965af4bd5780161f17d2bea7f7a2581.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 A Comparison of Online Marketing, Media Contents and Interaction with Fans through Official Websites of Football Clubs in Iran, Asia and Europe A Comparison of Online Marketing, Media Contents and Interaction with Fans through Official Websites of Football Clubs in Iran, Asia and Europe 109 121 66958 FA Meysam Rahimizadeh PhD Student of Sport Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Nasrollah Sajjadi Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Goodarzi Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 This study was conducted to explore and compare official websites of professional football clubs of Europe, Asia and Iran with regard to providing contents and interaction with fans using official websites of clubs and their online marketing. For this purpose, official websites of all clubs participating in the final stages of UEFA Champions League (16 teams), AFC Champions League (16 teams), and Iran Premier League (18 teams) were examined. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in this study and its validity was approved by sport management experts and professors. The results showed that Iranian clubs websites offered the lowest online services (mean 26.90 out of 100) and had the lowest score of interaction with fans (14.89 out of 100) and the lowest online marketing and selling their products and services (mean 8.19 out of 100). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in the official websites of football clubs between Iran and Asia and Europe leagues in all three elements of online marketing, media content and interaction with fans. This study was conducted to explore and compare official websites of professional football clubs of Europe, Asia and Iran with regard to providing contents and interaction with fans using official websites of clubs and their online marketing. For this purpose, official websites of all clubs participating in the final stages of UEFA Champions League (16 teams), AFC Champions League (16 teams), and Iran Premier League (18 teams) were examined. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in this study and its validity was approved by sport management experts and professors. The results showed that Iranian clubs websites offered the lowest online services (mean 26.90 out of 100) and had the lowest score of interaction with fans (14.89 out of 100) and the lowest online marketing and selling their products and services (mean 8.19 out of 100). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in the official websites of football clubs between Iran and Asia and Europe leagues in all three elements of online marketing, media content and interaction with fans.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66958_7a26a774c78f60cd70d650bfb05b39aa.pdf

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations 1735.5354 8 2 2016 06 21 The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on PGC-1α and FNDC5 Gene Expression in Diabetic Male Rats The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on PGC-1α and FNDC5 Gene Expression in Diabetic Male Rats 123 131 66959 FA Mousa Khalafi PhD Student of Biochemistry and Sport Metabolism, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran 0000-0001-6465-1281 Ali Asghar Ravasi Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2135-5647 Rahman Soori Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4661-7204 Mohammad Moradi PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 10 Change in adipose tissue phenotype caused by exercise training is a new theory manifested as the result of muscle FNDC5 gene expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on PGC-1α and FNDC5 gene expression of diabetic male rats. In this study, 18 diabetic male rats (12 weeks old, weight 220-240 gr) were divided into three groups: immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) (n=6), 2 hours after aerobic exercise (AE2) (n=6) and control (C) (n=5). Both aerobic exercise (AE) groups exercised on the treadmill with 60-65% VO2max for 40 minutes. Real time PCR method was used to examine the mRNA relative expression of FNDC5 and PGC-1α genes of muscle tissue. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Data analysis showed a significant difference in PGC-1α gene expression among the groups (P≤0.01.) Tukey test showed that PGC-1α gene expression significantly increased in the immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) group compared to the control group (P≤0.01). However, there were no significant differences in FNDC5 gene expression among the groups (P>0.01). Therefore, the results of this study showed that despite PGC-1α expression, aerobic exercise has no effects on the FNDC5 gene expression in diabetic male rats. Change in adipose tissue phenotype caused by exercise training is a new theory manifested as the result of muscle FNDC5 gene expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on PGC-1α and FNDC5 gene expression of diabetic male rats. In this study, 18 diabetic male rats (12 weeks old, weight 220-240 gr) were divided into three groups: immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) (n=6), 2 hours after aerobic exercise (AE2) (n=6) and control (C) (n=5). Both aerobic exercise (AE) groups exercised on the treadmill with 60-65% VO2max for 40 minutes. Real time PCR method was used to examine the mRNA relative expression of FNDC5 and PGC-1α genes of muscle tissue. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Data analysis showed a significant difference in PGC-1α gene expression among the groups (P≤0.01.) Tukey test showed that PGC-1α gene expression significantly increased in the immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) group compared to the control group (P≤0.01). However, there were no significant differences in FNDC5 gene expression among the groups (P>0.01). Therefore, the results of this study showed that despite PGC-1α expression, aerobic exercise has no effects on the FNDC5 gene expression in diabetic male rats.

https://www.sportrc.ir/article_66959_c1e64d26653ed330f632ed7bf1f3e243.pdf