https://www.sportrc.ir/ Sport Physiology & Management Investigations en daily 1 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.sportrc.ir/article_214122.html Despite the very high importance of international human resources in the development of the country's sports, a comprehensive study has not been conducted in the field of using these valuable resources. In the same direction, the present study was conducted with the aim of structural equations modeling of using international human resources in Iranian sports. This research was interpretative, applied, quantitative and survey. The statistical population of the study was representatives of the Islamic Council, presidents of sports federations and clubs in Iran and Spain and international elite athletes of the country that based on the GPower, 242 of them were selected as a statistical sample in a targeted, criteria-oriented way. The tool used to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smartpls3.1.1 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of the research showed that the research model had a good fit and the causal factors had a positive and significant effect on the central phenomenon (p=0.001; t=4.075) and the central phenomenon also had a positive and significant effect on the strategies (p=0.001; t=3.292). Also, contextual factors had a positive (p=0.001; t=2.812) and intervening factors had a negative effect (p=0.001; t=4.040) on the strategies, and finally the strategies also had a positive and significant effect on the consequences (p=0.001; t=23.663). Therefore, it is suggested that administrative and institutional reforms are carried out and human resources with quality and competence are identified and used in appropriate ways. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243973.html Background and Objective: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) and 3-Nitrotyrosine (H-NT3) in middle-aged women with T2DM.Methods: This semi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design and was conducted on 30 middle-aged women with T2DM. Participants were divided into an experimental group (resistance training, $n=15$) and a control group ($n=15$). The experimental group performed resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with an intensity progressively increasing from 40% to 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), following the overload principle. Serum levels of VEGF-C and H-NT3 were measured using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test for comparing adjusted post-test differences, with the significance level set at P<0.05.Findings.Results: showed that eight weeks of resistance training led to a significant decrease in both serum VEGF-C (P<0.05) and H-NT3 (P<0.05) levels in the experimental group compared to the control group.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the implementation of a course of resistance training is an effective intervention for improving vascular health in middle-aged diabetic women by reducing oxidative stress and favorably regulating vascular factors. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243360.html AbstractAim: The study at hand was conducted aiming at evaluating the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games which took place from 24 August to 5 September 2021 in Tokyo, Japan.Being among the top-ranked countries in the final standing of the Paralympic Games has always been considered important for all nations that make countries use this peaceful sporting event as a leverage in their international policies. The present research, therefore, has tried to prepare the ground for success and achieving top ranking on the medal tally of the future Paralympic Games by evaluating and analyzing the performance of the Iranian Paralympic delegation at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games with the aim of qualitative performance of the Iranian delegation to participate in the next periods. The research method employed in this paper is descriptive-analytical and retrospective to investigate the performance of 62 athletes across 10 sport disciplines. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_201023.html Background and purpose: Talent search and development of players from the basic ages is a very important issue that due to the transfer of players in adult age to other clubs; Rights should be considered for the club that nurtures the transferred players so that the process of player development and talent development in football can continue continuously.Method: The current research is based on qualitative approach and data-based theory. The statistical population of the research included 17 experts related to the subject. Sampling was purposeful and judgmental and interviews were semi-structured.Found: in the final pattern; Causal factors (legal issues and problems, issues related to player conditions, lack of attention and awareness of the category of growth rights, issues related to the contract) cause attention to the central phenomenon (factors of failure to pay the growth rights of football players in Iran) and strategies of using It (targeting and changing the existing procedures, clarifying the method of paying and calculating the right to growth, training and creating awareness, benefiting more from the regulations and bylaws) in terms of intervening factors (deficiencies of the relevant officials, exceptions to the payment of the right to growth, inappropriate procedures) and the context existing (media rights and obligations, rights and obligations of brokers, rights and obligations of clubs, appropriate rights and obligations, rights and obligations of managers) in the research, positive consequences in (improving the international image of sports, improving legal issues of sports, developing sports communication , football development and political image development) follows.Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the respected officials of the football federation should make more efforts to educate and provide more information in order to familiarize with the examples of growth compensation to football players and clubs, and also by holding training workshops to teach the existing regulations and bylaws. in this field so that we can see an increase in income generation at the club level and an increase in transfers at the international level. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243947.html AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate and compare the effect of four weeks of Traditional Resistance Training (TRT) and Rest–Pause (RP) training, both alone and in combination with Cold Water Immersion (CWI) after exercise, on the expression of key genes mTOR (anabolic pathway) and VEGF and HIF-1 (angiogenic markers) in the muscles of non-athlete young men. 20 non-athlete young men (17 to 25 years old) were randomly divided into five groups in a quasi-experimental study. The resistance protocols included three main lower-body exercises (leg press, leg curl, and leg extension) at an intensity of 70 to 80 of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 4 weeks. CWI was performed intermittently (4 minutes in 3 cycles). The expression of mTOR, VEGF and HIF-1 genes was measured using the Real-Time PCR technique from blood samples taken before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD post-hoc tests at a significance level of p ≥ 0.05. The results showed that the combination of traditional resistance training with CWI was the most effective protocol, leading to a significant increase in the expression of all three genes: mTOR (P=0.001 relative to control), VEGF (P=0.0001 relative to control), and HIF-1 (P=0.019 relative to control) compared to other training groups. In contrast, the rest-pause protocol (alone or with CWI) failed to significantly increase mTOR gene expression. Contrary to common expectations regarding the attenuation of anabolic signaling in cold conditions, the combination of Traditional Resistance Training and Cold-Water Immersion induced a synergistic molecular response in non-athlete men, optimally stimulating both the hypertrophy and angiogenesis pathways simultaneously, a response that was superior to the intense Rest–Pause protocol. It seems this method can be considered in the design of initial training programs for the non-athlete population to enhance muscular and vascular adaptations. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226781.html This research aimed to investigate the role of sports facilities and physical education teacher knowledge in promoting motor literacy among female students. The research adopted a qualitative approach based on the thematic analysis paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in physical education and sports, and then analyzed using Maxqda 2024 software. The results identified 52 open codes, which were categorized into 10 core themes. These themes broadly fell into three main dimensions: "dimensions related to sports facilities," "dimensions related to physical education teacher knowledge," and "dimensions related to students' motor literacy." The thematic content analysis of the interviews revealed 52 initial propositions with a total frequency of 179. Based on the results, the overarching theme of teachers' specialized knowledge had the highest importance coefficient (25). Within the dimension of students' motor literacy, the concept of facilities and their accessibility showed an importance coefficient of 17. Furthermore, regarding the facilities dimension, the concept of components related to officials had the highest importance coefficient (29). This study indicates that strengthening physical education teachers' knowledge and improving sports facilities are key to enhancing female students' motor literacy. It is recommended that teacher training programs focus on modern methods and that increased budgets be allocated for sports infrastructure. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_232457.html Background and Purpose: The aim of the current research was to design a strategic plan for optimal management of elderly sports in Iran using the Metaswat technique. The research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method.Methods : In the qualitative part of the research, the study focused on identifying the goals, resources, capabilities, and environmental factors that influence the development of sports for the elderly. This was achieved through comprehensive library studies, which provided foundational knowledge and context. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten experts, including physical training managers, public sports managers, and professors of sports sciences. Their expertise and insights were instrumental in gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in promoting sports among the elderly population.Results : The findings of the Metaswat planning model revealed that Iran holds a competitive advantage over its neighboring countries in promoting an active lifestyle and fostering social and psychological acceptance of sports for the elderly. Key insights from the study highlighted several strengths: the country possesses valuable and inimitable strengths in the effectiveness of its executive bodies and the methods of sports management. Additionally, the legal environment and governance surrounding sports were identified as urgent areas requiring attention. The development of public sports across various societal strata emerged as the most significant resource, complemented by the availability of free sports facilities and recreational environments tailored for the elderly population. These factors collectively underscore the potential for enhancing elderly sports in Iran.Conclusion : The study suggests that Iran possesses valuable, inimitable resources and capabilities for enhancing elderly sports, highlighting the need for strategic planning and management to leverage these advantages. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_204648.html Introduction: Monitoring the training progress of cyclists is vital for optimizing training programs, preventing overtraining, and enhancing performance. This study aims to report on various physiological and mental measures used to evaluate the training response and fitness of athletes. Methods: This descriptive, observational study investigated indicators reflecting automatic cardiac activity, submaximal heart rate scale, performance indicators, perception of freshness, and sleep throughout the training camps in the preparation phase for elite male cyclists. The sample consisted of 17 elite male cyclists who were members of the Iranian national team. Participants were monitored during four training microcycles or camps leading up to the Asian Cup. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and ANOVA with repeated measurements. Results: This research revealed that resting heart rate decreased during the four stages of the camp (P=0.001). However, heart rate increased (P=0.001). No significant changes were observed in sub-maximal heart rate (P=0.14). Perception of freshness decreased, and functional power threshold increased significantly during the four stages of the camp (P=0.001, P=0.001), but RPE changes did not reach statistical significance (P=0.237). Additionally, there were no significant differences in sleep indices (P=0.642, P=0.105, P=0.973). Conclusion: The training of elite athletes in the sports camp over the course of four stages can positively impact performance and improve physiological and cardiovascular conditions. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_212841.html The purpose of this research was to identify and explain entrepreneurial opportunities in emerging markets and declining markets of sports businesses during the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase of the research, 12 sports business owners and university professors of sports marketing management participated in Delphi interviews until reaching theoretical saturation, and in the quantitative phase of the research, 384 people from sports business owners participated in the purposeful sampling method. . The questionnaire tool was extracted from the qualitative phase of the research, which was used to determine the importance of each market opportunity. The validity of the tool was confirmed by Delphi group members and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data analysis was done based on the confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equation modeling using the partial least squares method with "Smart PLS(3)" and "SPSS" statistical software. The results of the path analysis showed that the importance of the dimensions of emerging markets, respectively: including 1. new business activities, 2. fitness services consulting, 3. sports entertainment, 4. new sports medicine, 5. virtual training and 6. sports goods; And the dimensions of the stagnant markets: 1. sports media, 2. sports clubs, 3. live sports events, 4. sports tourism, 5. traditional business activities, 6. traditional sports medicine. Therefore, sports business owners and club managers are suggested to use the opportunities identified in this research to create conditions for survival and competitive advantage for their businesses. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_206798.html The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges and strategies for encouraging and attracting the insurance industry to sports. This research, from a paradigm perspective, is a type of interpretive research with a qualitative approach, thematic analysis strategy, and exploratory purpose. The participants in this study were experts in the fields of sports management, marketing, and the national insurance industry, selected through purposive sampling and the snowball method, with a total of 14 individuals considered as the sample size. The data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and the analysis of these interviews was conducted using the open and axial coding process through MAXQDA software version 2022. The Cohen's kappa reliability for four interviews was calculated to be 0.79. The qualitative analysis results revealed 26 initial statements with an importance coefficient of 41, categorized into 4 main categories: technical and specialized challenges with an importance coefficient of 12, legal challenges with an importance coefficient of 7, structural challenges with an importance coefficient of 11, and financial challenges with an importance coefficient of 9, identified as barriers to encouraging and attracting the insurance industry to the sports sector in Iran. Additionally, the Shannon matrix results showed 140 initial statements with a total frequency of 311, categorized into 26 concepts and 7 main categories, identified as effective strategies for encouraging and attracting the insurance industry to the sports sector in Iran. The strategies and approaches presented in this study can contribute to creating a strong supportive ecosystem for athletes and the sustainable development of the insurance industry in the sports sector. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243974.html Given the importance of controlling risk factors in older adults—such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes—the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training on the lipid profile and glucose levels of older men. This study examines the impact of a 12-week multicomponent exercise program (aerobic, resistance, and balance) on the lipid profile and glucose levels of 36 older men (age: 66.88 ± 3.96 yrs; height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m; weight: 69.15 ± 2.15 kg; body mass index: 23.95 ± 0.45 kg/m ²). The research employed a randomized, two-group, quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. The statistical population consisted of older men from the city of Qom, and the samples were divided into a multicomponent training group (n = 18) and a control group (n = 18). Each training session comprised a 10-min warm-up, a main workout phase (incorporating resistance, aerobic, and balance exercises), and a 5-min cool-down. The variables of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and glucose were measured at both the pre-test and post-test stages. Between-group comparisons were conducted using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22 at a significance level of p < 0.05. The results demonstrated that multicomponent training led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.001), and glucose (p < 0.01), alongside a significant increase in HDL (p < 0.001). The findings of this study indicate that multicomponent exercise training has positive effects on the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in older men. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_221403.html The aim of the current research was to stratify the influencing factors on the brand identity of karate sport in Iran. In this research, using a researcher-made questionnaire, modeling of factors affecting the brand identity of karate sports in Iran was done. The statistical population of this research is senior sports managers, university professors with expertise in marketing, brand and sports management, as well as scientific and practical expertise of these people in the field of karate, coaches, veterans, referees, club managers and athletes in the field of karate (at least 5 years in the field are scientific and have a national medal in the field of karate) at the national level; 12 people answered the ISEM questionnaire in the form of snowballs. The research tool was the ISM matrix questionnaire. At the first level (the highest level and the least influence) there is a symbol and identity. In the second normative level, internal branding and technical factors are located, the dimensions in this level affect each other two by two. In the third level, there are three components of visualization, national and international communication and media, and finally, the fourth level and the most important level in terms of the influence of two functional components and human resources. All in all, these stratifications indicate that strengthening the karate brand identity requires a multidimensional approach in which both fundamental and strategic aspects as well as executive and operational factors are developed in parallel to create a lasting and successful brand. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244724.html Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the major public health challenges, with its prevalence increasing with age. Physiological changes associated with aging, such as reduced liver function, elevated oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism, contribute to the development of this disorder. Evidence suggests that regular physical activity and the use of antioxidant supplements can play a significant role in prevention and management of MASLD. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an eight-week moderate-intensity swimming program combined with a silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on the expression of genes related to cellular stress (BIP and CHOP), mitochondrial function (Cox18 and Oxa1), and tissue fibrosis marker (Col3A1) in aged male Wistar rats with MASLD. Twenty-five rats (14–16 months old) were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, diseased control, swimming, supplement, and swimming + supplement. The swimming protocol was performed five sessions per week for eight weeks (30–60 minutes per session, 60–70% of maximal capacity), while the combined supplement (100 mg/kg silymarin and 500 mg/kg vitamin C) was administered daily by gavage. Gene expression was assessed using Real-Time PCR, and Col3A1 concentration was measured by ELISA. Results showed that swimming combined with supplementation significantly reduced BIP and CHOP expression, increased Cox18 and Oxa1 expression, and decreased Col3A1 levels compared to the diseased group. Therefore, the combined intervention of regular exercise and antioxidant supplementation may serve as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to reduce cellular stress, improve mitochondrial function, and prevent hepatic fibrosis during aging. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244731.html The purpose of the current research was to explore the dimensions affecting the development of urban cycling with an emphasis on culture. The research method used in terms of purpose, application and in terms of qualitative method, in which thematic analysis method was used. The statistical population of the research included municipal managers, university professors, expert experts of the federation and cycling bodies, and athletes of this field. The sampling method was targeted and the research tool was the interview protocol with experts until theoretical saturation was reached (14 interviews). In total, 21 effective factors in the development of urban cycling culture were identified, and these factors were obtained in the sub-form of 6 main categories. These categories include: development of health index, social, civil infrastructure, managerial, cultural, environmental development. According to the results of the research, the development of urban cycling requires the strengthening of the most important indicators such as cultural, managerial, civil infrastructure, social, health, in the planning and politicizing of urban managers in the use of bicycles by citizens in order to promote urban culture and the status of bicycles. It is a city ride. Finally, the development of the mentioned indicators guides the cities in the direction of sustainable urban development, especially sustainable environment and urban health. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_214537.html The purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting crisis management in mountaineering accidents. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of the type of data used. It was conducted using a grounded theory methodology based on the Strauss and Corbin approach. The target population for this research included experts in the field of mountaineering and crisis management, who were selected using the snowball sampling method (chain reference). The qualitative data collection tool used in this study was semi-structured interviews, which continued with 15 participants until theoretical saturation was reached. Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were applied for data analysis. The results revealed that the causal conditions included: expert human resources, specialized equipment, and financial resources. Contextual conditions include: incident level, management status, and access. Intervening conditions included: climatic conditions, principles and duties of management, transparency of rules and regulations, and integrity of management. These conditions formed the central phenomenon of "effective crisis management in mountaineering incidents." Based on the obtained results, the strategies included: empowerment, culture building, and planning. The consequences included: improving management, informing the public, and drafting laws and protective regulations.Given that Iran has diverse climatic conditions and mountainous regions across the country, including the north, west, southwest, center, east, and southeast, a comprehensive set of factors must be considered for effective crisis management of mountaineering accidents. Paying attention to the factors identified in this research can play a crucial role in preventing and optimally managing mountaineering accidents, which often result in fatalities. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_203891.html This study aimed to investigate the role of sports marketing strategies on organizational performance with the mediating role of competitiveness in the presidents of Iraqi Premier League football clubs. This applied research was descriptive-correlational based on structural equation modeling, the data of which was collected using questionnaires. The participants included all the presidents, executive directors, marketing and communication managers, technical managers, and supervisors of the clubs of the Premier Football League of Iraq, who were selected as samples based on availability, and finally, 151 questionnaires were collected by them. In order to collect data, 3 questionnaires of sports marketing strategies (Almomani et al., 2019), organizational performance (Hersey and Goldsmith, 2003) and competitiveness (Ramazanlou et al., 2022) were used. The results showed there is a positive and significant relationship between sports marketing strategies and all its components with organizational performance (P<0.05) and 82% of changes in organizational performance were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Also, sports marketing strategies and all its components have a positive and significant relationship with competitiveness (P<0.05) and 18% of changes in competitiveness were related to the components of sports marketing strategies. Finally, it was found that although competitiveness was able to indirectly mediate the relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.89), but the direct relationship between sports marketing strategies and organizational performance (0.97), was in a very good situation. Therefore, according to the findings, it can be said that the high level of the role of sports marketing strategies in organizations can lead to positive and constructive changes in their organizational performance and competitiveness. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216828.html This research has been done with the aim of providing a model for the development of commercial competitiveness of clubs in the Premier Football League of Iran. The nature of this research is a mixed type of research in the sense that both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in it. The statistical population in this research includes managing directors, economic and marketing experts of the five teams Sepahan, Zob Ahan, Tractorsazi, Arak Aluminum and Khuzestan Steel Clubs. In the qualitative part, in-depth interviews and targeted snowball sampling were used from 25 experts and theoretical saturation was reached. For this purpose, after each interview, using the foundation's data model using charmaz method and open, axial and theoretical coding, the link between the categories was extracted in the form of a paradigm model. In this part, the reliability of the research was obtained with the help of the retest method of 74% and its validity was evaluated through reliability, transferability and confirmability. In the quantitative section, 384 people were obtained using Cochran's stratified random sampling method. The data was collected using an online designed questionnaire, the reliability of which was 81% using the Cronbach's alpha method, and its validity was confirmed through the approval of 24 professors. In order to analyze the results, confirmatory factor analysis was used. The findings obtained from the research show that effective and committed leadership, creating legal infrastructures and capacities, using business intelligence and creativity in order to create economic capacities, improving the level of knowledge in various dimensions, long-term planning and performance evaluation. marketing and branding by understanding the competitive environment are among the factors that form the pattern of commercial competitiveness development of Iran's premier football league clubs. Designing a comprehensive educational package, comparative studies of successful experiences, developing a strategic plan and increasing partnership with stakeholders are among the suggestions that have been put forward to develop the commercial competitiveness of Iran's premier football league clubs. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216829.html The aim of the current research was to provide a model of the factors affecting women's social inclusion in sports using the structural-interpretive modeling approach. This research is a mixed and exploratory type of research. The statistical population of the research included all the experts and researchers of women's sports, sports sociologists, sports psychologists and coaches with experience in the field of women's sports. In the qualitative section, 28 people were interviewed using the snowball sampling method and the data were categorized based on thematic analysis method. In the quantitative part, in order to find the relationship between the factors, the structural-interpretive modeling approach was used. The findings of the research showed that for the social inclusion of women in sports, it is first necessary to solve social and economic problems so that its impact can be seen at the individual level. The findings of the research showed that for the social inclusion of women in sports, it is first necessary to solve the social and economic problems so that its impact can be observed at the individual level, that managerial and organizational factors are the way forward by implementing correct policies and programs in this field. Based on this, it is suggested to the managers of sports organizations to put gender budgeting on the agenda in order to grow, develop and sustain the inclusion of women in various sports sectors; Also, in order to consider the rights, conditions and needs of both sexes (women and men), it is necessary to consider a gender quota for all decision-making institutions in the field of sports. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_216864.html This study examines the challenges and barriers to branding in sports businesses using a digital marketing approach. A qualitative research method, specifically thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), was employed, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 experts and specialists in digital marketing and sports branding. The findings reveal that the primary barriers to digital branding in sports businesses include weak digital infrastructure, management issues, intense competition in the digital space, and technical complexities. Additionally, the lack of coordination within marketing teams, rapid changes in consumer behavior, and failure to adapt to technological advancements are also significant challenges. This research addresses issues such as the absence of appropriate cybersecurity regulations, limitations due to international sanctions, challenges related to international payment systems, and the shortage of advanced digital infrastructure. It shows that these issues directly impact the ability of sports businesses to optimize the use of digital opportunities. In response, recommendations are provided to overcome these challenges, including the improvement of digital infrastructure, development of digital marketing skills within marketing teams, innovation in competitive strategies, and enhanced consumer engagement. The study highlights the need for sports businesses to adopt a comprehensive and cohesive approach to digital branding while keeping pace with market changes and technological developments. Ultimately, the results of this research can help sports businesses improve their digital branding strategies and increase their competitiveness in digital markets. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_223046.html The aim of this research was to identify and classify sports assistants based on role modeling in the system. This research was developmental-applied in terms of its purpose. Data collection was carried out in the first stage with semi-structured interviews. The number of interviews was based on theoretical saturation and the interviewees were selected in a non-probability and purposeful manner based on knowledge and experience, and finally theoretical saturation was achieved with 12 interviews. In the quantitative part, considering the number of faculty members in sports management disciplines and researchers in this field, it was estimated that about 300 people were recruited nationwide, and 169 questionnaires were analyzed according to the Cochran formula. Open codes along with axial codes were placed in the form of an aggregate model using structural equation modeling, and the results showed that the fit indices were favorable. The role of the components in the system was determined using structural-interpretive modeling, and the results showed that the structural component was the most influential component, and the talent discovery and marketing committee components were the most permeable components. Also, the sense of social cooperation was defined as a strategic component in the system. According to the results, it is recommended that officials develop an appropriate structure to attract sports assistants and also provide a suitable space for social interactions in that environment. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_218771.html MCP-1 is a protein that plays a role in obesity-related insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and combined training on the expression of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) protein and MCP-1 in Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. Fifty male rats, aged 8-10 weeks and weighing 250 ± 30 grams, were randomly divided into five groups (four diabetic groups and one healthy control group). Diabetes was induced in 40 rats using nicotinamide and streptozotocin. The HIIT protocol consisted of 10 sets of 2-minute intervals at 85-90% VO2 max with 2-minute active rest at 40-50% VO2max on a treadmill. The MICT protocol involved progressively increasing durations and intensities over 8 weeks. The combined training alternated between endurance and resistance exercises 5 days per week. Blood samples were collected 48 hours after the final session. Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis, with significance set at P≤0.05. Results showed that MICT significantly increased SIRT1 expression (p=0.842) in coronary vessels, while both MICT (p=0.993) and combined training reduced MCP-1 levels. Serum insulin levels decreased significantly in all three exercise groups, with the greatest reduction observed in the HIIT group (p=0.868). All types of exercise improved insulin resistance, but HIIT (p=0.979) showed the most pronounced effect. Given the improvements in SIRT1 and MCP-1 levels and insulin sensitivity in MICT and combined training, these modalities could potentially reduce diabetes-related complications such as arteriosclerosis. Additionally, HIIT demonstrated improvements in insulin levels and insulin resistance. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_219444.html This research aims to develop an innovation model for Iran’s sports tourism industry. Today, sports tourism is recognized as one of the most profitable sectors of the tourism industry, accounting for approximately 20% of the industry’s revenue. Given the increasing importance of social innovation in the sustainable development of service industries and the lack of a comprehensive model in sports tourism, this research seeks to identify and explain the main dimensions and components of social innovation in this field. This study employed a qualitative approach using Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of Iranian sports tourism experts and specialists, selected through snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and documentary study, and analyzed using three-stage coding (open, axial, and selective). The research findings led to the identification of six main categories as pillars of the social innovation model in sports tourism: institutional support (including macro policy-making, financial support, and organizational structure), social capital (including collective participation, institutional trust, and social networking), cultural interactions (including cultural heritage, cultural exchange, and local identity), technological infrastructure (including new technologies, integrated systems, and cyber security), education and empowerment (including skills development, capacity building, and continuous learning), and international interactions (including global cooperation, sports diplomacy, and international branding). The results indicate that successful development of social innovation in sports tourism requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that considers all identified dimensions. This model can serve as a guiding framework for policymakers and managers in developing and implementing innovative programs in sports tourism https://www.sportrc.ir/article_220936.html Introduction: This study aimed to develop a model for the relationship between physical education faculties and the sports industry in Iraq.Methods: This qualitative research was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. To collect data, interviews with 18 elites were used, and then Strauss and Corbin's method was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the findings, for causal conditions, 31 concepts, 5 subcategories, and 2 main categories (basic principles and management infrastructure), for intervening factors, 34 concepts, 4 subcategories, and 2 main categories (macro elements and communication-organizational), for contextual factors, 73 concepts, 7 subcategories, and 3 main categories (enhancers, bilateral contexts, and national contexts), for strategies, 66 concepts, 7 subcategories, and 3 main categories (fundamental strategies, strategic thinking, and inter-organizational strategies), and for achievements, 35 concepts, 6 subcategories, and 2 main categories (cultural-social achievements, and national achievements), and a total of 239 concepts, 29 subcategories, and 12 main categories related to the model of the relationship between physical education faculties and the sports industry in Iraq were identified.Conclusion: Therefore, by designing and implementing effective and practical strategies, it can be seen that the level of health and vitality in society and lifestyle improved. Also, applying appropriate strategies and implementing them in a timely and correct manner can lead to job creation and economic prosperity, scientific growth and development in sports and physical education, and ultimately, national and international transformation by establishing an appropriate relationship between physical education faculties. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226127.html The study aimed to design a long-term development model for Iraqi athletes. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and the grounded theory method and Glaser's emergent approach. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts and experienced individuals in the field of talent identification in sports, and their analysis was conducted using Glaser's coding stages, namely, true coding (including open and selective coding) and theoretical coding. In this study, 14 experts and experienced individuals in the field of talent identification in sports were interviewed. Initially, 293 codes were extracted from the interviews. After initial reviews, due to the similarity of some codes, similar codes were merged with each other, and ultimately 102 sub-codes and 12 main codes were obtained from data analysis. Finally, the model for the long-term development of Iraqi athletes was presented. This study, emphasizing the importance of different stages in the long-term development of athletes, especially active initiation and proper training at an early age, showed that paying attention to these factors can have significant positive effects on the growth and success of athletes in the future. These findings help sports officials, practitioners, planners, and policymakers design more effective development programs to promote athletes and achieve more desirable results in this field. They also show that starting actively by forming sports habits from an early age has a significant impact on the future success of athletes. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226562.html AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of continuous and intermittent SSG methods in football on short-term physiological responses. 12 male football players aged 15 to 18 years participated in this study. SSGs were performed in a 3vs3 format in a 20 × 30 meter area. The subjects participated in four sessions in the study, in each of which one of the four SSG formats was performed: one session =24 minutes, two session =2x12 minutes, three session =4x6 minutes, four session =6x4 minutes. During each game, heart rate was measured using a chest heart rate monitor, and maximum and average heart rate were measured. Blood was drawn before and three minutes after the end of each session to measure lactate levels. At the end of each session, the players were also given a rating of perceived exertion. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANCOVA. Analysis of the data showed that the maximum and average heart rate in the three session were significantly higher than in the other sessions (P=0.014 and P=0.037, respectively). There was no significant difference in the RPE and lactate response to the different SSG formats. Based on the results, it can be concluded that using intermittent compared to continuous formats is superior for increasing the intensity of small-sided games, especially when the duration of each period is close to six minutes, which puts more pressure on the anaerobic energy production pathway.continuous Exercise, Football, Interval Exercise, Small Sided Game https://www.sportrc.ir/article_226563.html This research aimed to identify barriers and provide strategies for institutionalizing good governance in the Iranian Athletics Federation. Employing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative), the qualitative phase involved a thematic analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews with experts, professors, and stakeholders in the Iranian Athletics Federation, leading to theoretical saturation. Five main challenges were identified: managerial incompetence, lack of transparency, limited stakeholder participation, technological issues, and organizational injustice. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population included all experts, athletes, and managers of the Iranian Athletics Federation. Using Cochran’s formula, 384 individuals were selected, and questionnaires were distributed. Ultimately, 211 completed questionnaires were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that all proposed strategies—managerial competence, transparency, stakeholder participation, technology, and organizational justice—had a significant impact on good governance (factor loadings > 0.7, p < 0.05). The Goodness of Fit Index (GOF = 0.481) confirmed the model’s strong fit. Key recommendations included: designing specialized training programs for managers and mandating professional certifications, implementing a blockchain-based transparency system for recording decisions and financial reporting, enhancing stakeholder participation through a strategic council involving athletes and coaches, digital transformation via startups and integrated systems, and establishing an independent sports ethics court to reduce discrimination and corruption. As one of the first applied studies in the governance of Iranian athletics, this research provides a localized framework that can serve as a basis for policymaking in other sports federations as well. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_230949.html Today, branding for sports figures, like branding for various products, has increased and become more important than before. Athletes are like a social signature or badge that has the task of expanding cultural foundations or ideological values. Investigating and identifying the branding model for sports champions in Tehran Province is very important for creating awareness and progress in the field of sports branding and sports marketing. The purpose of the present study was to design a branding model for sports champions in Tehran Province. The present study method is qualitative and exploratory research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered an applied research. The participants in this study included experts and experienced individuals in the field of sports branding, athletes and Tehrani champions, brand and marketing specialists, and sports management professors, and purposive sampling was used in the study. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants to collect information, and theoretical saturation was achieved with 27 interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data to obtain information for this study. The results of the study show that the design of the branding model for sports and sports champions in Tehran province consists of five main categories, including brand identity, brand associations, media presence, management factors, and social presence. A deep understanding of these dimensions can help policymakers, clubs, and athletes themselves to manage their professional careers in a purposeful manner and pave the way for enhancing their personal brand and social standing. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_231241.html The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the development of sports diplomacy with an emphasis on women's sports. The present study was applied in terms of its purpose and analytical and exploratory in terms of its nature, which was conducted qualitatively; also, the method of collecting information was documentary and library, which was conducted by content analysis. The statistical population included; professors, experts and academic experts in the country with a specialized field of sports diplomacy, sports experts who had a history of participating in or holding national and international sports events; managers or deputy general directors of physical education in the provinces, who were selected using a purposeful method; finally, 29 people were selected as a sample. Finally, the factors affecting the development of sports diplomacy with an emphasis on women's sports were extracted in three coding stages and the research model of the factors affecting the development of sports diplomacy with an emphasis on women's sports was drawn. The results showed that the factors affecting the development of sports diplomacy with an emphasis on women's sports included; Cultural and social factors, the role of media and social networks, macro-policies, international challenges, economic and financial issues, the role of international competitions, the role of sports institutions, planning and policy-making, knowledge production and research were identified. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_231698.html Abstract The present research was conducted by studying socio-cultural barriers in branding Iraqi female handball athletes on social media and providing solutions. This study employed a qualitative grounded theory method using Charmaz's constructivist approach and purposive snowball sampling from three expert groups: sports management faculty, sports marketing specialists, and public relations and media experts in Iraqi sports. Theoretical sampling was utilized, beginning with initial conceptual categories and continuing until the twelfth interview when theoretical saturation was achieved. To assess validity, Charmaz's "dependability" criteria were employed, including precise data selection, systematic comparison among the three expert groups, and continuous interaction with participants. Research reliability was established using a second coder and calculating agreement percentages, yielding 81%, indicating adequate trustworthiness. Interview analysis followed Charmaz's constructivist approach, comprising two stages of initial and focused coding, with findings repeatedly reviewed and refined by the research team. The research findings identified five main categories of socio-cultural barriers. In response, six fundamental solutions were presented, including addressing identity barriers, managing family tensions, confronting social pressures, role modeling and discourse creation, professional empowerment, and media and communication strategies to overcome these obstacles. Implementation of these solutions could lead to individual-economic achievements, socio-cultural transformations, and enhancement of international standing. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that sports federations establish branding consultation centers, conduct training courses on media skills, and develop supportive policies for athletes' active presence in cyberspace. Additionally, creating specialized units for female athlete branding, incorporating media literacy courses into physical education programs, implementing family awareness programs, and developing specialized digital platforms for female athletes is essential. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_232939.html Motor literacy components are vital in promoting physical health and achieving developmental goals within educational systems. In Iran, challenges in physical education and the need to improve movement skills highlight the importance of analyzing essential motor literacy elements. This study systematically reviews research on motor literacy components to classify findings, identify research gaps, and propose strategies for enhancing motor development programs. Using the PRISMA guidelines, data were collected from domestic (SID, Magiran, Noormags, Civilica) and international (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) databases, analyzing 64 studies through qualitative content analysis with thematic coding. Thematic analysis identified key dimensions and indicators of motor literacy in Iran, emphasizing fundamental movement skills alongside higher-order competencies like cognitive and social skills. Findings align with prior motor development research, showing successful programs integrate technical, behavioral, and value-based competencies. This study offers a comprehensive framework for designing motor development initiatives and assessing physical education programs. The emphasis on adaptable motor literacy components underscores the necessity of addressing environmental challenges. Future studies should explore relationships between these components and their impact on physical development outcomes. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_234399.html The study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the implementation of systems thinking in the Physical Education and Health Department of the Ministry of Education, with a focus on enhancing the effectiveness of educational and sports organizations. This applied research was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative phase included experts in the fields of physical education and health within the Ministry of Education, as well as university professors, selected through purposive sampling. The quantitative phase involved all specialists working in the Physical Education and Health Departments across the country (236 individuals), and given the limited population, a census approach was applied. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used, while in the quantitative phase, a researcher-developed systems thinking questionnaire and an organizational effectiveness questionnaire were employed to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis for the qualitative phase, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman test, and partial least squares (PLS) method for the quantitative phase. The qualitative findings indicated that the identified factors influencing systems thinking comprise four overarching categories: individual-personal factors, organizational factors, contextual (environmental) factors, and extra-organizational factors. Moreover, the prioritization of these factors revealed that organizational factors ranked first, individual-personal factors second, extra-organizational factors third, and contextual factors fourth. The path coefficient between systems thinking and organizational effectiveness was 0.657, with a t-value of 14.456, indicating a significant and direct relationship. Based on the findings, strengthening systems thinking among specialists and managers in the physical education and health sector can improve organizational effectiveness within the Ministry of Education. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers and managers in this field focus on enhancing organizational structures, fostering a culture of collaboration and organizational learning, and providing training programs grounded in a systems thinking approach to promote efficiency and cross-functional coordination. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_235420.html Given the growing importance of the sports industry in economic, social, and cultural dimensions, sports startups play a key role in driving innovation, creating employment, and fostering economic growth within this sector. As the performance of these startups emerges within a complex network of interactions among various institutions, understanding the mechanisms of their ecosystem and identifying its key actors is essential. This study aimed to identify and categorize the key actors of Iran's sports startup ecosystem using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 key figures from academic, managerial, and entrepreneurial domains in the sports industry and subsequently analyzed. The findings revealed that the key actors in Iran's sports startup ecosystem can be classified into five categories: identities, entities, regulatory and policymaking bodies, strategic actors, and operational agents. In total, 2 identities, 2 entities, 8 regulatory and policymaking institutions, 29 strategic actors, and 98 operational agents were identified and categorized. The results of this research, by providing a structured portrayal of influential actors within the sports startup ecosystem, can serve as a practical roadmap for emerging startups, policymakers, and stakeholders to effectively develop this ecosystem in Iran. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_235647.html Background and aims: In the recent decade, obesity and physical inactivity due to internet addiction among children and adolescent, has become a global concern. This study investigated the effects of 2 and weeks of the Whole-Body Functional Training (WB-FT) on central obesity indices include abdominal volume index (AVI), Conicity Index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and on exercise capacity indices such as peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak), maximum heart rate (HRmax), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), myocardial oxygen consumption recovery (MVO2R), and heart rate recovery (HRR) in internet-addicted adolescents in Saqqez, Iran.Methods: This quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design involved 80 adolescents (40 boys and 40 girls). Participants were randomly divided into four exercise and control groups, and the intervention was implemented for 2 and 4 weeks. Body composition indices and cardiorespiratory endurance were assessed before and after the intervention using standard protocols.Results: 4 weeks of WB-FT improved WHtR, BAI, and CI in boys (P<0.05). Additionally, even 2 weeks of WB-FT resulted in significant improvements in VO2Peak in both sexes compared to control groups(P<0.05). However, changes in central obesity indices were not significant in girls. Conclusions: Unlike VO2Peak, the improvement in body composition resulting from WB-FT training, especially in internet addicted girls, requires a longer intervention period (4 weeks). These findings demonstrate the importance of even short-term training interventions of up to 4 weeks in reducing the complications of inactivity and obesity in adolescents. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_236113.html Empowerment within educational environments not only enhances the professional competencies of teachers but also enables them to design effective learning settings, utilize educational resources efficiently, and achieve pedagogical goals. Accordingly, the study aimed to design a model for empowering PE student-teachers in Iran.This qualitative study was applied in nature and conducted using an exploratory approach within the framework of grounded theory. The participants included faculty members and expert professionals in the field of PE from Farhangian University across Iran. Participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 key informants. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998).Based on the findings, a total of 488 open codes, 42 axial codes, and 16 selective codes included (individual, extra-organizational, and organizational factors for casual conditions; driving forces, core elements, economic factors, and reinforcers for intervening conditions; educational-organizational backgrounds, individual-communicational backgrounds, and abilities and skills for contextual conditions; educational, macro, and individual strategies for strategies; and organizational, individual, and social outcomes for outcomes) were identified in relation to the research topic. The findings suggest that empowering PE student-teachers not only contributes to their personal and professional growth but also yields broader benefits at organizational and societal levels. Therefore, the proposed practical model can address existing gaps in the empowerment system of physical education teachers in Iran in a structured manner and serve as a foundation for designing policies and continuous improvement programs. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_239840.html A significant gap exists between technical training and the psycho-social development of young football players in their transition to the professional level in Iran. This study aims to bridge this gap by proposing a localized model grounded in the *cooperative learning cycle* and *social learning environments*. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis of interviews with 13 football experts identified five fundamental dimensions: structured cooperative learning, social learning and mentoring, progressive competitive pathways, data-driven multidimensional assessment, and professionalism. In the quantitative phase, a quasi-experimental 2×2 design involving 72 male footballers aged 16–22 was implemented across four groups (cooperative learning, social learning, combined, and control). Repeated-measures ANOVA results indicated that the combined group (CL+SE) achieved the greatest improvements in technical-tactical performance (+25%), sport self-efficacy, and psychological safety compared to the control group. Furthermore, professional indicators—such as invitations to senior team training, increased minutes in reserve-team matches, and consistent attendance—showed significant enhancement. Findings revealed that integrating cooperative learning cycles with social learning environments not only strengthens technical skill acquisition but also fosters self-regulation and intrinsic motivation. The proposed model offers a practical framework for Iranian football academies to facilitate the scientific, gradual, and data-driven transition of young players from youth to professional levels. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_239873.html Elite sport has created an arena of intense competition among nations, emphasizing the need to examine factors influencing competitiveness in elite sport. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a model of micro-level factors influencing the competitiveness of elite sport in the Islamic Republic of Iran, conducted in two stages. In the first stage, researchers identified micro-level factors through qualitative semi-structured interviews. In the second stage, using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (total ISM) approach, researchers designed a model of micro-level factors. The frist stage included 15 semi-structured open-ended interviews with experts, including professors of sport management, sport administrators, coaches, athletes, and media professionals, until theoretical saturation was reached. In the second stage, 12 sport management experts completed a pairwise comparison questionnaire of the identified factors. Expert selection in both stage was purposive and based on accessibility. The findings placed “athletes’ innate talent” at the third level of the model and in the driver quadrant of MICMAC analysis. The factors “family,” “lifestyle,” and “athletes’ psychological-personality traits” were located at the second level and in the linkage quadrant. “Competitiveness in elite sport in Iran” was placed at the first level and in the dependent quadrant of the analysis. As a result, Elite sport competitiveness at the micro level is the result of the synergy between innate talent, family support, psychological-personality traits, and athletes lifestyle. These factors, through systemic interactions, adherence to institutional norms, and the creation of competitive advantages, ensure the athlete’s ability to win medals and maintain competitiveness in elite sports. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_239874.html The purpose of this research was to analyze the performance of the quality of school sports hours services based on the SERVQUAL model. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this study included all physical education teachers, principals of SAMA schools, and professors of Islamic Azad University active in these schools in the academic year 1403-1404 who were selected through available sampling and online (N=362). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The face and content validity of the research (11 sports management professors) and the reliability of the research instrument (Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability) were confirmed. SPSS25 and Smart PLS4 software were used. The results showed that the variables of physical dimensions (0.864), assurance (0.876), reliability (0.787), empathy (0.912), and responsiveness (0.892) have a significant role in explaining the performance of school sports hours services quality. Overall, these results indicate that improving the quality of sports services in schools requires simultaneous attention to objective components (such as facilities and equipment) and subjective components (such as staff behavior and interaction with students). Among these dimensions, empathy was identified as the strongest predictor of service quality with the highest impact coefficient. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_239875.html This research aims to develop an indigenous model for professional club management in Iranian women's volleyball. From a paradigm perspective, the current study was postmodern, employing a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin (1990). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 experts in sports management and women's volleyball. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2022 software through three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. Data analysis led to the extraction of 303 initial codes, 40 selective codes, and 83 axial codes. The findings indicated that the indigenization of club management is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interplay of causal, contextual, and intervening factors. Causal factors included infrastructural weaknesses, cultural and social limitations, a lack of economic support, managerial disharmony, and legal issues. Contextual conditions referred to family support, cities' economic capacity, sports infrastructure, media environment, and local policies. Intervening conditions comprised cultural developments, political influence, and economic power, which played a moderating role in the indigenization process. Proposed strategies were categorized into four dimensions: cultural (reforming societal attitudes towards women's sports), economic (attracting local sponsors and enhancing revenue generation), sporting (talent identification and training indigenous coaches), and managerial (establishing a professional system and sustainable legal frameworks). The outcomes of indigenization included increased participation and social vitality for women, economic sustainability of clubs, enhanced athletic performance, strengthened professional management, and improved media image of women's sports. The final conceptual model demonstrated that achieving indigenization requires synergy among culture, economy, politics, and media to realize the sustainable development of Iranian women's volleyball. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_240592.html The aim of the present study was to present an interpretive structural model of pricing strategies in sports service centers. This research was of a mixed type and applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and exploratory in terms of analysis method. The statistical population included experts in the fields of sports management and geography. In this section, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people in the form of snowballs. In the interpretive structural modeling section, the questionnaire was completed by 12 people. The data analysis method was content analysis in the qualitative section and interpretive structural modeling in the quantitative section. According to the qualitative findings, 126 items were identified in the form of 26 sub-themes and 10 main themes; according to the results of interpretive structural modeling, it was determined that the 10 identified concepts are located at 4 levels. In the first level, rules and distinctive product, in the second level, three components of the market environment, customer relationship management and competitors; At the third level, there are three components of product value, customer service and economic environment, and at the fourth level, the most important level in terms of influence, there are two concepts of service provided and cost. In a general conclusion, it should be stated that the classification of levels and their hierarchical order show that external and legal factors provide the basis, while tangible strategies are formed through the interaction between the market, customers and competitors and ultimately culminate in direct decisions related to service provision and its costs. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_241797.html Fetoin A is a circulating glycoprotein that plays an important role in glucose regulation and insulin resistance. The present meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on fetoin A levels and glycemic indices in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, Irandon, Noor Mags, and SID databases were systematically searched for articles published up to (12 March 2025). The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random model and CMA2 software to determine the effect, and the (I2) test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel Plant test and Egger test were used to examine publication bias. A total of 7 studies (with 9 aerobic exercise interventions) were meta-analyzed on 228 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, and the results showed that aerobic exercise intervention in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes significantly reduced fetoin A by a weighted mean difference of -48.021 mg/L (P=0.002), glucose by a weighted mean difference of -18.883 mg/dL (P=0.001), insulin by a weighted mean difference of -0.889 mg/dL (P=0.029), and insulin resistance by a weighted mean difference of -0.947 mg/dL (P=0.012) compared to the control group. The results of the present meta-analysis showed that aerobic exercise had significant reducing effects on fetoin A levels and glycemic indices (glucose, insulin, insulin resistance) in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_241798.html This study aimed to investigate the effect of communication skills on customer lifecycle value with regard to the mediating role of financial intelligence of managers of recreational-sports centers. This applied research was of a descriptive-correlational type with a structural equation modeling approach. The participants included all managers of first-class sports clubs in Khorasan Razavi province, and the research sample included all managers of first-class recreational-sports clubs in the cities of Mashhad, Neyshabour, and Sabzevar (a total of 216 clubs' managers). The data collection tools included three standard questionnaires: communication skills, financial intelligence, and customer lifecycle value. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between communication skills and customer lifecycle value, financial intelligence and customer lifecycle value, and communication skills and financial intelligence of managers. The research model also had a good fit. Also, it was observed that communication skills have a positive and significant effect on customer life cycle value in recreational-sports centers through the mediating variable of managers' financial intelligence. According to the results, it can be said that the necessity of managers' recognition and awareness of their communication skills and financial intelligence can lead to improved communication levels, increased profitability, and the development of organizational assets (retaining customers in sports clubs). https://www.sportrc.ir/article_243869.html During the armed conflict between the United States and the Zionist Regime against Iran (February–April 2026), a significant number of Iranian sports facilities — including the 12,000-seat Azadi Stadium in Tehran — were targeted in airstrikes. This study aims to examine the legal status of sports facilities under international humanitarian law (IHL) and to assess the lawfulness of attacking them in the event of military use.This article employs a descriptive analytical method, drawing upon library resources, international instruments (the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I, the Rome Statute), official ICRC commentaries, and press reports on recent attacks.Under Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the principle of distinction (recognized as a fundamental customary rule), sports facilities qualify as civilian objects and are presumptively immune from attack. Even if a stadium is transformed into a military objective, the principles of precaution, proportionality, and the burden of proof remain fully applicable. The case study of the attack on Azadi Stadium reveals that, even assuming the presence of special police or Basij forces, the attack lacks legal justification: First, absolute military necessity is not established, as those forces played no role in an aerial armed conflict. Second, the precautionary principle was violated because the attacker failed to conduct proper verification of the forces' actual military involvement. Third, the complete destruction of a 12,000-seat stadium for a negligible military advantage is manifestly disproportionate. And Fourth, the distinction between military targets and civilian property is lost in this attack.Sports facilities enjoy relative immunity under IHL; attacking them in normal circumstances violates IHL norms and constitutes a war crime. Although the exception of transformation into a military objective is theoretically admissible, it is subject to stringent conditions. In the case of the attack on Azadi Stadium in Tehran, none of the requirements of military necessity, distinction, precaution, and proportionality were respected. The international community — particularly the IOC and UNESCO — is encouraged to adopt an optional protocol clarifying the protection of sports facilities in armed conflict. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244185.html Utilizing sports heritage as a strategic instrument to delineate and represent socio-cultural and economic patterns can establish innovative infrastructures within the framework of heritage-based sports tourism. Identifying appropriate indicators for the development of sports tourism constitutes one of the most fundamental stages in the process of planning and policymaking. This applied-exploratory study was conducted using a qualitative methodology based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin. The target population comprised experts, academics, managers, and policymakers in the fields of sports tourism and cultural heritage. A total of 14 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed through a three-stage coding process: open, axial, and selective coding. Qualitative analysis yielded 220 open codes, which were subsequently organized into 25 axial codes and five primary paradigm categories. Causal conditions were identified as socio-cultural, political-security, economic-service, managerial-structural, geo-environmental, and technological factors. Contextual conditions encompassed the cultural structure of society, macro-level policymaking, service frameworks, tourism management, geopolitical factors, and tourism technologies. Intervening conditions included societal attitudes, legal and regulatory challenges, tourism infrastructure, environmental interventions, and limited technological access. Proposed strategies involved social development, tourism policymaking, economic expansion, the development of tourism sites, and the enhancement of environmental regulations. Furthermore, the identified consequences included the revitalization of indigenous and regional heritage, economic sustainability, and environmental livability. The research findings indicate that sports tourism in Iran is a multidimensional phenomenon influenced by dynamic interactions among various components. Among these, socio-cultural factors—reflecting the vast potential of Iran’s cultural and sports heritage—were identified as the primary drivers and key potentials. The paradigm model developed in this study, while providing a comprehensive framework for the understanding and advancement of sports tourism alongside the preservation of cultural heritage, effectively reflects the unique characteristics of the Iranian context. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244287.html This research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model for the development of sports tourism based on artificial intelligence. Given the novelty of the subject and the lack of previous conceptual frameworks, this research was developed as a fundamental type with practical capabilities. The research method used was the grounded theory approach with the Glaser strategy. This method was selected due to its exploratory nature and the need to generate theory from data. The statistical population included university professors, experts in the sports tourism industry, managers, government officials, and related entrepreneurs who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected and analyzed through 17 semi-structured interviews (including 7 key questions) until theoretical saturation was achieved. The validity of the research was ensured by the member review method and reliability by the research audit strategy (including researcher sensitivity and methodological coherence), and data analysis was performed with Max Quda software. Qualitative data analysis led to the identification of a central model that explains the development of AI-based sports tourism around three general categories: analytical functions (including analysis, efficiency accuracy, and financial advantage), special advantages of AI (including acceleration, efficiency, facilitation, and intelligence), and ancillary services of AI (including special services, technology development, and value-added). The findings indicate that successful development requires the integration of AI into analytical processes for optimal decision-making, the exploitation of operational advantages to enhance the tourist experience, and the creation of added value through technological innovations. This model provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers to guide investment towards the sustainability and competitiveness of the sports tourism industry. https://www.sportrc.ir/article_244576.html Distinguishing between statistical significance and practical importance remains a persistent challenge in interpreting findings in exercise physiology research. An overreliance on p-values may promote dichotomous interpretations, obscure statistical uncertainty, and potentially lead to suboptimal training or clinical decisions. The purpose of this meta-research study was to examine statistical reporting practices and to evaluate the correspondence between statistical significance and practical importance in Iranian exercise physiology articles. Using a systematic meta-research design, full-text articles published between 2019 and 2025 in Iranian exercise physiology journals were reviewed. After screening, 45 articles were included in the final analysis. Each article was coded for the reporting of p-values, exact p-values, effect sizes, uncertainty measures, and the availability of sufficient numerical data for effect size reconstruction. When possible, standardized mean differences corrected for small-sample bias were calculated along with their 95% confidence intervals, and results were categorized using a 2×2 framework (statistically significant vs. non-significant × practically important vs. not important). Most articles reported p-values, but rarely included effect sizes and confidence intervals. Estimation-based reanalyzes showed a limited relationship between statistical significance and practical importance: some statistically significant results had trivial effects, while some non-significant results had potentially meaningful effects. These findings show the limits of relying on thresholds and the risk of confusing statistical significance with real impact. In conclusion, the results highlight the need to shift from p-value–centered reporting to an estimation-focused approach that emphasizes effect sizes and uncertainty. Such a shift is particularly important in exercise physiology, where applied decisions depend on an accurate understanding of both the magnitude and the precision of observed effects.