Response of Myostatin to Resistance Exercise with and without Blood Flow Restriction in Immature Male Athletes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

2 Master of Science in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

3 Exercise Physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Resistance training is the most effective way known to increase muscle mass. Myostatin is one of the factors involved in the control of muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to compare two types to resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on Myostatin after the exercise. For this purpose, 36 adolescent gymnast boys aged 10 to 14 years participated in a quasi-experimental research design. The subjects (mean weight 37.11±8.11 kg, height 145.16±11.58 cm, body mass index 17.40±1.77 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=12); control (30% 1RM), high intensity resistance training (75% 1RM), and low intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (30% 1RM). Training protocol includes three motions included leg extension, elbow flexion and bench press. Blood samples were taken before and half an hour after training. Using T-dependent test to check the results of intergroup and One-Way ANOVA with LSD test was used for evaluating the results of between groups. The results of inter-group showed in blood flow restriction group (p=0.028) was significant, but in control (p=0.553) and high intensity resistance groups (p=0.257), was not significant. The results showed that in both of them protocol, there was no significant difference between groups in levels of Myostatin (p=0.683).One session Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction compared to high intensity resistance exercise, a similar effect in increasing serum Myostatin children athletes and for this reason, such as high intensity resistance exercise seems appropriate to provide Myostatin inhibition and increased muscle mass.

Keywords


  1. اسعد، محمدرضا؛ وکیلی، جواد (1391). «تأثیر برنامة تمرین ترکیبی (مقاومتی + استقامتی) بر مقادیر میوستاتین پلاسمایی مردان چاق غیرورزشکار»، علوم زیستی ورزشی، ش 15، ص 89-77.
  2. -------------------- (1393). «تأثیر برنامۀ تمرین مقاومتی بر مقادیر میوستاتین پلاسمایی مردان چاق غیرورزشکار»، پژوهش‌های کاربردی مدیریت و علوم زیستی در ورزش، ش 1، ص 80-75.
  3. صارمی، عباس (1388). «اثر تمرین‌های مقاومتی بر تراکم استخوانی و سطوح سرمی میوستاتین در مردان»، مجلة دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک (ره‌آورد دانش)، 12 (2)، ص 97 -89.
  4. صارمی، عباس؛ قرائتی، محمدرضا (1389). «اثر تمرین مقاومتی بر سطوح سرمی میوستاتین و مقاوم به انسولین در مردان چاق اضافه»، نشریة علوم زیستی ورزش، 2(4)، ص 108-93.
  5. عسکرپور، مختار؛ کردی، محمدرضا؛ شبخیز، فاطمه (1394). «تأثیر دو شیوة تمرین مقاومتی و بی‌تمرینی بر سطوح سرمی میوستاتین، کورتیزول، تستوسترون و قدرت عضلات مردان غیرورزشکار»، علوم زیستی ورزشی، 7 (2)، ص 328-311.
  6. قراخانلو، رضا؛ صارمی، عباس؛ امیدفر، کبری؛ شرقی، ساسان؛ قرائتی، محمدرضا (1387). «اثر تمرین مقاومتی بر سطوح سرمی میوستاتین، تستوسترون، و کورتیزول در مردان جوان»، فصلنامۀ المپیک، 3(43).
  7. Abe T, Kearns CF, Sato Y. (2006). “Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training”. J Appl Physiol. 100(5). PP: 1460–1466.
  8. Abe T, Yasuda T, Midorikawa T, Sato Y, Kearns CF, Inoue K, Koizumi K, Ishii N. (2005). “Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU resistance training”. Int J Kaatsu Training Res. 1 (4), PP: 6–12.
  9. American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). “Position Stand: progression models in resistance training for healthy adults”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41(3), PP: 687–708.
  10. Aoki MS, Soares AG, Miyabara EH, Baptista IL, Moriscot AS. (2009). “Expression of genes related to myostatin signaling during rat skeletal muscle longitudinal growth”. Muscle Nerve. 40(6), PP: 992–9.
  11. Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, et al. (2001). “Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo”. Nat Cell Biol. 3(11), PP: 1014–9.
  12. Bolster DR, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. (2003). “Translational control mechanisms modulate skeletal muscle gene expression during hypertrophy”. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 31(3), PP: 111–6.
  13. Dahab KS, McCambridge TM. (2009). Strength training in children and adolescents: raising the bar for young athletes? Sports Health. 1(3), PP: 223-6.
  14. Dorneles GP, Colato AS, Galvão SL, Ramis TR, Ribeiro JL, Romão PR, Peres A. (2015). “Acute response of peripheral CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction”. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 36(4), PP: 311-317.
  15. Drummond MJ, Fujita S, Abe T, Dreyer HC, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. (2008). “Human muscle gene expression following resistance exercise and blood flow restriction”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40(4), PP: 691-8.
  16. Fahs CA, Loenneke JP, Rossow LM, Thiebaud R, and Bemben MG. (2012). “Methodological considerations for blood flow restricted resistance exercise”. Journal of Trainology. 1(14), PP: 14-22.
  17. Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJ, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, Nitka M, Rowland TW. (2009). “Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning”. J Strength Cond Res. 23(5), PP: 60–79.
  18. Fedoruk M. N, Rupert J.L. (2008). “Myostatin inhibition: a potential performance enhancement strategy”. Scandinavia Journal of Medicine & Sience in Sports. 18(4), PP: 123-131.
  19. Hulmi, JJ; Kovanen, V; Selänne, H; Kraemer, VJ. (2007). "Postexercisemyostatin and activin IIb mRNA levels: effects of strength training". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39) 2(, P: 289-297.
  20. Jensky, NE; Sims, JK; Rice, JC; Dreyer, HC; Schroeder, ET. (2007). "Theinfluence of eccentric exercise on mRNA expression of skeletal muscleregulator". Eur J Appl Physiol. 101(4), PP: 473-80.
  21. Karabulut M, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG. (2010). “The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men”. Eur J Appl Physiol. 108(1), PP: 147–155.
  22. Kawada S, Ishii N. (2005). “Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 37(7), PP:1144-50.
  23. Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Warren BJ, Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Kearney JT, Conroy BP, Maresh CM, Weseman CA, Triplett NT, Gordon SE. (1992). “Acute hormonal responses in elite junior weightlifters”. Int J Sports Med; 13(2):103–109.
  24. Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, Aihara AY, Fernandes Ada R, Tricoli V. (2012). “Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 44(3), PP: 406-12.
  25. Lee S, Deldin AR, White D, Kim Y, Libman I, Rivera-Vega M, Kuk JL, Sandoval S, Boesch C, Arslanian S. (2013). “Aerobic exercise but not resistance exercise reduces intrahepatic lipid content and visceral fat and improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial”. Am J Physiol Endocrinal Metab. 305(10), PP: 1222-1229.
  26. Lees FD, Clarkr PG, Nigg CR, Newman P. (2005). “Barriers to exercise behavior among older adults: a focus-group study”. J Aging Phys Act. 13(1), PP: 23–33.
  27. Manini TM, Clark BC. (2009). “Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health”. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 37(2), PP: 78–85.
  28. Manini TM, Vincent KR, Leeuwenburgh CL, Lees HA, Kavazis AN, Borst SE, Clark BC. (2011). “Myogenic and proteolytic mRNA expression following blood flow restricted exercise”. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 201(2), PP: 255-63.
  29. Matsakas A, Patel K. (2009). “Intracellular signalling pathways regulating the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and nutritional changes”. Histol Histopathol. 24(2), PP: 209–22.
  30. McFarland C, Hennebry A, Thomas M, Plummer E, Ling N, Sharma M, Kambadur R. (2008). “Myostatin signals through pax7 to regulate satellite cell self-renewal”. Exp Cell Res. 314(2), PP: 317-329.
  31. Mohamadi Sh; Khoshdel A; Naserkhani F; Mehdizadeh R. (2015). ”The Effect of Low- Intensity Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Serum Cortisol and Testosterone Levels in Young Men”. J Arch Mil Med; 3(3), PP: 283-296.
  32. Patterson SD, Ferguson RA. (2010). “Increase in calf post-occlusive blood flow and strength following short-term resistance exercise training with blood flow restriction in young women”. Eur J Appl Physiol. 108(5), PP: 1025–1033.
  33. Pullinen t, Mero A, Huttunen P, Pakarinen A, Komi PV. (2011). “resistance exercise-induced hormonal response under the influence of delayed onset muscle soreness in men and boys”. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 21(6), PP: 184-194.
  34. Roth SM, Martel GF, Ferrell RE, Metter EJ, Hurley BF, Rogers MA. (2003). “Myostatin gene expression is reduced in humans with heavy-resistance strength training: a brief communication”. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 228(6), PP: 706–709.
  35. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, Hübner C, Riebel T, Kömen W, Braun T, Tobin JF, Lee SJ. (2004). “Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child”. N Engl J Med. 350(26), PP: 2682-8.
  36. Scott BR, Loenneke JP, Slattery KM, Dascombe BJ. (2015). “Blood flow restricted exercise for athletes: A review of available evidence”. J Sci Med Sport. 19(5), PP: 360-367.
  37. Shinohara M, Kouzaki M, Yoshihisa T, Fukunaga T. (1998). “Efficacy of tourniquet ischemia for strength training with low resistance”. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 77(1–2), PP: 189–191.
  38. Takarada Y, Nakamura Y, Aruga S, Onda T, Miyazaki S, Ishii N. (2000). “Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion”. J Appl Physiol; 88(1), PP:61–65.
  39. Takarada Y, Sato Y, Ishii N. (2002). “Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes”. Eur J Appl Physiol. 86(4), PP: 308–314.
  40. Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Sato Y, Takebayashi S, Tanaka Y, Ishii N. (2000). “Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans”. J Appl Physiol. 88(6), PP: 2097–2106.
  41. Takarada Y, Tsuruta T, Ishii N. (2004). “Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion”. Jpn J Physiol. 54(6), PP: 585–592.
  42. Walker KS, Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith HK. (2004). “Resistance training alters plasma myostatin but not IGF-1 in healthy men”. Med Sci Sports Exec. 36(4), PP: 787-793.
  43. Willoughby DS. (2004). “Effects of heavy resistance training on myostatin mRNA and protein expression”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36(4), PP: 574–82.
  44. Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN. (2006). “TOR signaling in growth and metabolism”. Cell 124, PP: 471-84.