The Effect of 8 Weeks of Repetitive Sprint Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia Conditions on Swimming Record in Female Elite Swimmers

Authors

1 PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Physical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on swimming record of female elite swimmers. The subjects included 30 female elite swimmers who were randomly divided into 3 groups (each group 10 subjects):  2 experimental groups (hypoxia and) and one control group. Training protocol was administered to both experimental groups for 8 weeks, 2 sessions per week with swimming ergometer and 3 sessions in the swimming pool. The protocol was designed for both experimental groups with similar intensity and duration (nine 30-sec. attempts at the intensity of 80% of maximum performance with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. Hypoxia group performed the training in hypoxia condition with %14 of Fio2. The control group had only 5 session of regular swimming in the pool. Results were analyzed using ANOVA at P≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of repeated sprint training improved 100 m swimming record (P=0.013)  and 200 m swimming record (P=0.009) in hypoxic condition compared with normoxia condition.

Keywords

References

  1. Barnett C. Carey M. Proietto J. Cerin E. Febbraio MA. Jenkins D. (2004).  Muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in man: influence of sprinttraining. J Sci Med Sport; 7(3):314–22.
  2. Billaut F. Smith K. (2009). Sex alters impact of repeated bouts of sprint exercise on neuromuscular activity in trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 34:689–699
  3. Bonetti Darrell L. and Hopkins. (2009). Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia A Meta-Analysis.
  4. Brooks S. Nevill ME. Meleagros L. Lakomy HK. Hall  GM. Bloom SR. et al. (1990). The hormonal responses to repetitive brief maximal exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol;  60:144–148
  5. Burgomaster KA. Heigenhauser GJ.  Gibala MJ. (2006). Effect of shorttermsprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydratemetabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol;  100(6):2041–7.
  6. Burgomaster KA. Howarth KR. Phillips, SM. (2008). Similar metabolicadaptations during exercise after low volume sprint intervaland traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol ;586(1):151–60
  7. Burgomaster KA. Hughes SC. Heigenhauser GJ. Bradwell SN. Gibala MJ. (2005). Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscleoxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol; 98(6):1985–90.
  8.  Casey DP, Joyner MJ. (2012). Compensatory vasodilatation during hypoxic exercise: mechanisms responsible for matching oxygen supply to demand. J Physiol  590(Pt 24):6321–6
  9. Desplanches D. Hoppeler H. Linossier MT.(1993). Effects of training in normoxia andnormobaric hypoxia on human muscle ultrastructure. Pflugers Arch; 425:263–7.

10.Faiss R. Girard O. and Millet G.P. (2013). Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: from termittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia. Br. J. Sports Med; 242 47(Suppl.1): i45-50.

11.Galvin HM. Cooke K. (2013). Sumners DP.Repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia. Br J Sports Med; 47:i74–9.

12.Gatterer H. Klarod K. Heinrich D. Schlemmer. P. Dilitz S. Burtscher M. (2015). Effects of a 12-day maximal shuttle-run shock microcycle in hypoxia on soccer specificperformance and oxidative stress; Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

13.Gatterer H. Philippe M. Menz V. Mosbach F. Faulhaber  M. Burtscher M. (2014). Shuttle-Run Sprint Training in Hypoxia for Youth Elite Soccer Players: A Pilot Study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine ; 13, 731-735

14.Gibala MJ. Little JP. Van EM. (2006). Short-term sprint intervalversus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations inhuman skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol;  575(Pt 3):901–11.

15.Hamlin MJ. Marshall HC. Hellemans J. Ainslie PN. (2010). Anglem  NEffect of intermittent hypoxic training on 20 km time trial and 30 s anaerobic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports;  20:651–661

16.Hoppeler H, Vogt M. (2001). Muscle tissue adaptations to hypoxia. J Exp Biol 204(Pt 18):3133–9.

17.Kasai N. Mizuno S. Ishimoto S. Sakamoto E. Maruta M. Goto K. (2015). Effect of training in hypoxia on repeated sprint performance in female athletes. SpringerPlus ;  4:310

18.Knaupp W. Khilnani J. Sherwood S. Scharf. And Steinberg H. (1992)."Erythropoietin response to acute normobaric hypoxia in humans. J. Appl. Physiol ; 73: 837-840,

19.Laursen PB. Jenkins DG. (2002). The scientific basis for high-intensityinterval training: optimising training programmes and maximizingperformance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med; 32(1):53–73.

20.Levine BD. and J. Stray-Gundersen. (1997). Living high-training low: Effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance. J.Appl;Physiol; 83:102-112.

21.Macpherson RE. Hazell TJ. Olver TD. Paterson DH. Lemon PW. (2011). Run sprint interval training improves aerobic performance but notmaximal cardiac output. Med Sci Sports Exerc;43(1):115–22.

22.Mendez-Villanueva A. Edge J. Suriano R.et al. (2012). The recovery of repeated-sprint exercise is associated with PCr resynthesis, while muscle pH and EMG amplitude remain depressed. PLos One; 7:e51977

23.Millet GP. Faiss R. Brocherie F. et al. (2013). Hypoxic training and team sports: a challengeto traditional methods? Br J Sports Med; 47:i6–7.

24.Ogawa T. Hayashi K. Ichinose M. Wada H. Nishiyasu T. (2007). Metabolic response during intermittent graded sprint running in moderate hypobaric hypoxia in competitive middle-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol; 99:39–46

25.Ogura Y. Katamoto S. Uchimaru J. Takahashi K. (2006). Naito H. Effects of low and high levels of moderate hypoxia on anaerobic energy release during supramaximal cycle exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol;  98:41–47

26. Perrey S, Rupp T. (2009). Altitude-induced changes in muscle contractile properties. High Alt \Med Biol 10:175–82

27.Powell F.L. and Garcia N. (2000). Physiological effects of intermittent hypoxia. High Alt. Med. Biol. 1:125-136.

28.Puype J. Van Proeyen K. Raymackers JM. (2013). Sprint interval training in hypoxiastimulates glycolytic enzyme activity; Med Sci Sports Exerc;In press

29.Pyne David B. Trewin Cassie Band. Hopkins William G. (2004). Progression and variability of competitive performance.

30.RI-Li ge S. Witkowski Y. Zhang C. Alfrey M. Sivieri T. Karlsen G K. Resaland M. Harber J. Stray-Gundersen, and B. D. (2001). Levine Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine. Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; 75231 Received 2 July  accepted in final form 6 November

31.Schmidt W. (2002). Effects of intermittent exposure to high altitude on blood volume and erythropoietic activity. High Alt. Med. Biol ;3:167-176.

32.Truijens M.J. Rodríguez F.A. (2011). Altitude and hypoxic training in swimming. Dins: Seifert L. Chollet D. Mújika I. (eds.), World Book of Swimming: From Science to Performance, Chapter 20. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc; pp. 393-408. [ISBN 978-1-61668-202-6].

33.Vogt M. Puntschart A. Geiser J. (2001). Molecular adaptations in human skeletal muscle to endurance training under simulated hypoxic conditions. J Appl Physiol; 91:173–82.

34.Wehrlin JP. And Hallen J. (2006). Linear decrease in V& O2max and performance with increasing altitude in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol; 96: 404-412

35.Weyand PG. Lee CS. Martinez-Ruiz R. Bundle MW. Bellizzi MJ. (1999). Wright S. High-speed running performance is largely unaffected by hypoxic reductions in aerobic power. J Appl Physiol;.86(6):2059–64.

36.Wilber R.L. (2004). Performance at sea level following altitude training. In: Altitude Training andAthletic Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; pp. 83-118. 

37.Wilber. (2011). Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes. Athlete Performance Laboratory ; United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA

38.Wolski LA. McKenzie DC. And Wenger HA. (1996). Altitude Training for Improvements in Sea Level Performance Sports Med; 22(4): 251-263 0l12-1642/96/001Q-<J251/S06.50/0

39.Zoll J, Ponsot E, Dufour S, et al. (2006). Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. III. Muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts. J Appl Physiol;100:1258–66

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics