Sport Physiology & Management Investigations

Sport Physiology & Management Investigations

To Design a Questionnaire of Intangible Assets in Professional Football League of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Seyedeh Mahsa Hosseini
PhD of Sport Management and Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
“Intangible assets” is the missing key of valuing when transferring Iran football professional league clubs to the private sector. As these assets are not completely identified, the aim of this study was to design a desirable instrument to identify intangible assets in Iran football professional league clubs. After the literature review, an initial list of 35 factors in 4 main scales was developed. A group of experts evaluated and revised this questionnaire so that its content and face validity could be examined. Finally, 7 factors were omitted and a questionnaire with 28 items was designed and distributed among 274 subjects who were selected by convenience sampling method. This study was application in terms of aims and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.81 by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which showed the proper internal consistency of the questionnaire. The split-half method, correlation between two parts and the split-half coefficients of Guttman and Spearman-Brown confirmed the proper reliability of the questionnaire. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the validity and internal consistency of the questionnaire and most items showed a good correlation with the total score. Finally, construct validity of the questionnaire by confirmatory factor analysis and GFI, PGFI and AGFI confirmed appropriate fit of the model. Therefore, researchers can employ this questionnaire as a reliable and valid instrument so that they can evaluate intangible assets of a football club more accurately and comprehensively along with other tests.

Highlights

  1. Seyednejad Fahim R. Eghdami E. [The Importance of Intangible Asset on Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage (In Persian)]. Journal of Iranian Certified Accountants. 2011; 14: 120-124.
  2. Aliakbar M. [Privatization from the First Developmental Mater plan Until Today (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Privatization Organization. 2013; 35-57.
  3. Damodaran A. [Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset (In Persian)]. Translated by Amin Company: Keyhan Publication. 2009; 25: 899-942.
  4. Nakamura L.I. Intangible Assets and National Income Accounting. Review of Income and Wealth. 2010; 56(1): 135-155.
  5. Cohen M. B. Hedonistic Pricing Models and the Valuation of Intangible Assets. PhD Thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. 2009; p. 26.
  6. Chen L. A Mixed Methods Study Investigating Intangibles in the Banking Sector. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow. http://Theses.gla.ac.uk/ 2012; p. 64.
  7. Goodridge P. Haskel J. Wallis G. Estimating UK Investment in Intangible Assets and Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Office of UK, Crown Copyright. 2014; p. 3.
  8. Salamudin N. et al. Intangible Assets Valuation in the Malaysian Capital Market. Journal of Intellectual Capital. 2010; 11 (3): 368-390.
  9. Tanhaie J.[The Importance of Brand Identification as an Intangible Asset (In Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Iranian Certified Accountants. 2012; 16: 20-24.

10.Martins A. Model of Intellectual Capital Approach on the Human Capital Vision. Journal of Management Research. 2010; 2(1): 1-20.

11.Vallejo Alonso B. et al. Real Options in the Valuation of Intangibles: Managers Perception. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management. 2013; 11(2): 168-182.

12.Nana G. Sanderson K. Goodehid M. Economic Impact of Sport. Business and Economic Research Ltd – BERL. New Zealand. 2002; p. 20.

13.Padash D. Soltan Hosseini M. Khabiri M. [Rating Social and Legal Factors Affecting privatization of Sport Clubs (In Persian)]. Journal of Sport Management, University of Tehran. 2011; 11: 33-52.

14.Kabolizadeh A. [Democratic Privatization – Efficiency with Justice (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Islamic Council Research Center. First Edition. 2005; p.185.

15.Shajie R. [Modern Theories and Approaches in Football Sociology (In Persian)]. Naghd Afkar Publication. First Edition. 2013; p.123.

16.Elahi A. [Barriers and Solutions of Football Industry’s Economical Development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (In Persian)]. PhD Thesis in Sport Management and Planning, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran. 2008; P. 26.

17.Kazem M. [Football in Stock Market and Stock in Football (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Islamic Guidance and Culture Center. First Edition. 2003; p.224.

18.Amir E. Livne G. Accounting, Valuation and Duration of Football Player Contracts. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. 2005; 32 (3) (4): 549-586.

19.Seyed Ameri M. Moharramzadeh M. Bashiri M. Hadi H. [Obstacles of Attracting Sponsorship in the Sport Industry of East Azerbaijan Province (In Persian)]. Quarterly Productivity Management (Beyond Management). 2009; 3(10): 147-164.

20.Darcy J. A Test of Rational Expectations in the Valuation of Human Capital. International Journal of Business Strategy. 2012;12(2): 88-98.

21.Sveiby K.E. The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge Based Assets. Berrett Koehler, San Francisco, CA. www.sveiby.com. 2010; 53-62.

22.Creswell J. W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publication Inc. 2003; 15-39.

23.Rahmanseresht H. Khalilnejad SH. Ganji I. [Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Football Industry with Intrinsic Strategic Overview (In Persian)]. Sport Management National Conference Proceedings: 20 years Vision of Iran’s Master Plan. National Olympic Academy. 2009; p. 7.

24.Barbara H. M. Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publications. Welters Clawer Company. 2005; 325-330.

25.Hu L. Bentler P.M. Cut Off Criteria for Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999; 6(1): p. 55.

Keywords
Measuring Instrument
Sport Club
Privatization
Intangible Assets
Football
  1. Seyednejad Fahim R. Eghdami E. [The Importance of Intangible Asset on Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage (In Persian)]. Journal of Iranian Certified Accountants. 2011; 14: 120-124.
  2. Aliakbar M. [Privatization from the First Developmental Mater plan Until Today (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Privatization Organization. 2013; 35-57.
  3. Damodaran A. [Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset (In Persian)]. Translated by Amin Company: Keyhan Publication. 2009; 25: 899-942.
  4. Nakamura L.I. Intangible Assets and National Income Accounting. Review of Income and Wealth. 2010; 56(1): 135-155.
  5. Cohen M. B. Hedonistic Pricing Models and the Valuation of Intangible Assets. PhD Thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. 2009; p. 26.
  6. Chen L. A Mixed Methods Study Investigating Intangibles in the Banking Sector. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow. http://Theses.gla.ac.uk/ 2012; p. 64.
  7. Goodridge P. Haskel J. Wallis G. Estimating UK Investment in Intangible Assets and Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Office of UK, Crown Copyright. 2014; p. 3.
  8. Salamudin N. et al. Intangible Assets Valuation in the Malaysian Capital Market. Journal of Intellectual Capital. 2010; 11 (3): 368-390.
  9. Tanhaie J.[The Importance of Brand Identification as an Intangible Asset (In Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Iranian Certified Accountants. 2012; 16: 20-24.

10.Martins A. Model of Intellectual Capital Approach on the Human Capital Vision. Journal of Management Research. 2010; 2(1): 1-20.

11.Vallejo Alonso B. et al. Real Options in the Valuation of Intangibles: Managers Perception. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management. 2013; 11(2): 168-182.

12.Nana G. Sanderson K. Goodehid M. Economic Impact of Sport. Business and Economic Research Ltd – BERL. New Zealand. 2002; p. 20.

13.Padash D. Soltan Hosseini M. Khabiri M. [Rating Social and Legal Factors Affecting privatization of Sport Clubs (In Persian)]. Journal of Sport Management, University of Tehran. 2011; 11: 33-52.

14.Kabolizadeh A. [Democratic Privatization – Efficiency with Justice (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Islamic Council Research Center. First Edition. 2005; p.185.

15.Shajie R. [Modern Theories and Approaches in Football Sociology (In Persian)]. Naghd Afkar Publication. First Edition. 2013; p.123.

16.Elahi A. [Barriers and Solutions of Football Industry’s Economical Development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (In Persian)]. PhD Thesis in Sport Management and Planning, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran. 2008; P. 26.

17.Kazem M. [Football in Stock Market and Stock in Football (In Persian)]. Publication of Iran Islamic Guidance and Culture Center. First Edition. 2003; p.224.

18.Amir E. Livne G. Accounting, Valuation and Duration of Football Player Contracts. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. 2005; 32 (3) (4): 549-586.

19.Seyed Ameri M. Moharramzadeh M. Bashiri M. Hadi H. [Obstacles of Attracting Sponsorship in the Sport Industry of East Azerbaijan Province (In Persian)]. Quarterly Productivity Management (Beyond Management). 2009; 3(10): 147-164.

20.Darcy J. A Test of Rational Expectations in the Valuation of Human Capital. International Journal of Business Strategy. 2012;12(2): 88-98.

21.Sveiby K.E. The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge Based Assets. Berrett Koehler, San Francisco, CA. www.sveiby.com. 2010; 53-62.

22.Creswell J. W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publication Inc. 2003; 15-39.

23.Rahmanseresht H. Khalilnejad SH. Ganji I. [Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Football Industry with Intrinsic Strategic Overview (In Persian)]. Sport Management National Conference Proceedings: 20 years Vision of Iran’s Master Plan. National Olympic Academy. 2009; p. 7.

24.Barbara H. M. Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publications. Welters Clawer Company. 2005; 325-330.

25.Hu L. Bentler P.M. Cut Off Criteria for Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999; 6(1): p. 55.